Cohort characteristics
| . | Infection (n = 28); t1 (n = 28) . | Sepsis (n = 46); t1 (n = 45); t2 (n = 29) . | COVID-19 (n = 37); t1 (n = 28); t2 (n = 29) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 71.5 (66-81) | 61.5 (51-77) | 64 (54-71) | ||
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 25.1 (23.9-29.2) | 25 (22.0-28.8) | 27.8 (25.4-29.4) | ||
| 28-d mortality, n (%) | 0 (0) | 9 (20) | 6 (16) | ||
| Septic shock, n (%) | 0 (0) | 15 (33) | 0 (0) | ||
| DIC, n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (11) | 2 (5) | ||
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4 (14) | 5 (11) | 1 (3) | ||
| Diabetes | 6 (21) | 8 (17) | 7 (19) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (18) | 11 (24) | 3 (8) | ||
| Chronic heart failure | 7 (25) | 9 (20) | 3 (8) | ||
| Infection site, n (%) | |||||
| Respiratory tract | 9 (32) | 26 (57) | 37 (100) | ||
| Urinary tract | 10 (36) | 5 (11) | 0 (0) | ||
| Other | 9 (32) | 15 (33) | 0 (0) | ||
| Microbiology, n | |||||
| Gram-negative | 6 | 15 | — | ||
| Gram-positive | 3 | 7 | — | ||
| Gram-positive and gram-negative | — | 2 | — | ||
| Viral | 1 | 2 | 37 | ||
| Unknown | 18 | 20 | — | ||
| Laboratory values, median (IQR) | |||||
| Platelet count (150-350/nL) | 195 (166-259) | 181 (79-285) | 139 (77-243) | 213 (144-287) | 266 (177-349) |
| Red blood cell count (4.18-5.48/nL) | 3.44 (3.12-3.78) | 3.24 (2.7-3.53) | 2.94 (2.59-3.00) | 3.62 (3.05-4.12) | 3.4 (3.09-4.11) |
| White blood cell count (5-12/nL) | 15.9 (9.4-20.3) | 14.2 (9.1-18.9) | 8.5 (5.8-15.5) | 9.2 (7.0-11.9) | 9.5 (7.6-12.6) |
| Hemoglobin (14-18 g/dL) | 12.4 (10.0-12.9) | 9.7 (8.3-11.3) | 9.5 (8.9-11) | 10.3 (8.8-12.1) | 10.1 (9.2-12.1) |
| Hematocrit (42%-50%) | 35.2 (29.5-38.4) | 29.8 (25.7-33.3) | 28.8 (25.9-31.0) | 31.9 (28.4-34.9) | 31.5 (29.5-36.3) |
| Creatinine (0-1.17 g/dL) | 1.13 (0.90-1.4) | 1.61 (0.96-2.84) | 1.32 (0.75-2) | 0.94 (0.70-1.5) | 1.07 (0.78-1.42) |
| Bilirubin (0.1-1.2 mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.4-0.8) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 0.65 (0.3-2) | 0.5 (0.3-0.6) | 0.5 (0.3-0.7) |
| PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen (mmHg) | >400 (363->400) | 246 (162-376) | >400 (188->400) | 165 (116-195) | 159 (121-196) |
| C-reactive peptide (0-0.5 mg/dL) | 10.8 (6.5-16.2) | 19.7 (14.3-26.9) | 8.5 (3.3-15) | 14.7 (6.6-22.2) | 8.3 (2.6-16.7) |
| Procalcitonin (0-0.5 ng/dL) | 1.2 (0.2-8.3) | 12.0 (1.6-46.8) | 4.3 (0.9-7.0) | 1.7 (0.1-3.3) | 0.3 (0.1-1.5) |
| Fibrinogen (1.9-3.9 g/L) | 5.5 (4.7-7.7) | 5.6 (4.4-6.7) | 6 (4.3-7) | 5.8 (5.0-7.7) | 5.8 (4.6-6.6) |
| International normalized ratio (0.85-1.18) | 1.07 (0.98-1.38) | 1.17 (1.07-1.39) | 1.05 (0.95-1.18) | 1.00 (0.98-1.08) | 1 (0.94-1.05) |
| Scores, median (IQR) | |||||
| SOFA | 1 (0-1) | 8 (4-9) | 3 (2-6) | 6 (4-8) | 5 (3-7) |
| Sepsis-induced coagulopathy | 1 (1-2) | 4 (2-4) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (2-3) | 2 (2-2) |
| Devices, n (%) | |||||
| Ventilation | 0 | 21 (47) | 9 (31) | 17 (61) | 21 (72) |
| Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration | 0 | 8 (18) | 1 (3) | 0 | 3 (10) |
| Anticoagulation, n (%) | |||||
| Low-molecular weight heparin | 11 (40) | 22 (48) | 27 (73) | ||
| Heparin | 2 (7) | 9 (20) | 6 (16) | ||
| Fondaparinux | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | ||
| Antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | |||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 8 (29) | 4 (9) | 9 (24) | ||
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| Noradrenaline | 0 (0) | 29 (63) | 17 (46) | ||
| Dobutamine | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 1 (3) | ||
| . | Infection (n = 28); t1 (n = 28) . | Sepsis (n = 46); t1 (n = 45); t2 (n = 29) . | COVID-19 (n = 37); t1 (n = 28); t2 (n = 29) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 71.5 (66-81) | 61.5 (51-77) | 64 (54-71) | ||
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 25.1 (23.9-29.2) | 25 (22.0-28.8) | 27.8 (25.4-29.4) | ||
| 28-d mortality, n (%) | 0 (0) | 9 (20) | 6 (16) | ||
| Septic shock, n (%) | 0 (0) | 15 (33) | 0 (0) | ||
| DIC, n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (11) | 2 (5) | ||
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4 (14) | 5 (11) | 1 (3) | ||
| Diabetes | 6 (21) | 8 (17) | 7 (19) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (18) | 11 (24) | 3 (8) | ||
| Chronic heart failure | 7 (25) | 9 (20) | 3 (8) | ||
| Infection site, n (%) | |||||
| Respiratory tract | 9 (32) | 26 (57) | 37 (100) | ||
| Urinary tract | 10 (36) | 5 (11) | 0 (0) | ||
| Other | 9 (32) | 15 (33) | 0 (0) | ||
| Microbiology, n | |||||
| Gram-negative | 6 | 15 | — | ||
| Gram-positive | 3 | 7 | — | ||
| Gram-positive and gram-negative | — | 2 | — | ||
| Viral | 1 | 2 | 37 | ||
| Unknown | 18 | 20 | — | ||
| Laboratory values, median (IQR) | |||||
| Platelet count (150-350/nL) | 195 (166-259) | 181 (79-285) | 139 (77-243) | 213 (144-287) | 266 (177-349) |
| Red blood cell count (4.18-5.48/nL) | 3.44 (3.12-3.78) | 3.24 (2.7-3.53) | 2.94 (2.59-3.00) | 3.62 (3.05-4.12) | 3.4 (3.09-4.11) |
| White blood cell count (5-12/nL) | 15.9 (9.4-20.3) | 14.2 (9.1-18.9) | 8.5 (5.8-15.5) | 9.2 (7.0-11.9) | 9.5 (7.6-12.6) |
| Hemoglobin (14-18 g/dL) | 12.4 (10.0-12.9) | 9.7 (8.3-11.3) | 9.5 (8.9-11) | 10.3 (8.8-12.1) | 10.1 (9.2-12.1) |
| Hematocrit (42%-50%) | 35.2 (29.5-38.4) | 29.8 (25.7-33.3) | 28.8 (25.9-31.0) | 31.9 (28.4-34.9) | 31.5 (29.5-36.3) |
| Creatinine (0-1.17 g/dL) | 1.13 (0.90-1.4) | 1.61 (0.96-2.84) | 1.32 (0.75-2) | 0.94 (0.70-1.5) | 1.07 (0.78-1.42) |
| Bilirubin (0.1-1.2 mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.4-0.8) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 0.65 (0.3-2) | 0.5 (0.3-0.6) | 0.5 (0.3-0.7) |
| PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen (mmHg) | >400 (363->400) | 246 (162-376) | >400 (188->400) | 165 (116-195) | 159 (121-196) |
| C-reactive peptide (0-0.5 mg/dL) | 10.8 (6.5-16.2) | 19.7 (14.3-26.9) | 8.5 (3.3-15) | 14.7 (6.6-22.2) | 8.3 (2.6-16.7) |
| Procalcitonin (0-0.5 ng/dL) | 1.2 (0.2-8.3) | 12.0 (1.6-46.8) | 4.3 (0.9-7.0) | 1.7 (0.1-3.3) | 0.3 (0.1-1.5) |
| Fibrinogen (1.9-3.9 g/L) | 5.5 (4.7-7.7) | 5.6 (4.4-6.7) | 6 (4.3-7) | 5.8 (5.0-7.7) | 5.8 (4.6-6.6) |
| International normalized ratio (0.85-1.18) | 1.07 (0.98-1.38) | 1.17 (1.07-1.39) | 1.05 (0.95-1.18) | 1.00 (0.98-1.08) | 1 (0.94-1.05) |
| Scores, median (IQR) | |||||
| SOFA | 1 (0-1) | 8 (4-9) | 3 (2-6) | 6 (4-8) | 5 (3-7) |
| Sepsis-induced coagulopathy | 1 (1-2) | 4 (2-4) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (2-3) | 2 (2-2) |
| Devices, n (%) | |||||
| Ventilation | 0 | 21 (47) | 9 (31) | 17 (61) | 21 (72) |
| Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration | 0 | 8 (18) | 1 (3) | 0 | 3 (10) |
| Anticoagulation, n (%) | |||||
| Low-molecular weight heparin | 11 (40) | 22 (48) | 27 (73) | ||
| Heparin | 2 (7) | 9 (20) | 6 (16) | ||
| Fondaparinux | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | ||
| Antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | |||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 8 (29) | 4 (9) | 9 (24) | ||
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| Noradrenaline | 0 (0) | 29 (63) | 17 (46) | ||
| Dobutamine | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 1 (3) | ||