| General characteristics |
| Age102-104 |
| Performance status98 |
| Frailty∗ 35 |
| Structural lung disease (COPD and chronic interstitial pneumonia)31 |
| Charlson comorbidity index2 |
| History of the hematological malignancy |
| Uncontrolled or refractory disease2,98,105 |
| Allogeneic stem cell transplantation with uncontrolled GVHD35 |
| At the time of ICU admission |
| Time between hospital and ICU admission26,104,106 |
| Admission to a low volume ICU107-110 |
| Severity scores2,102,104,111-114 |
| Hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 < 100)35 |
| Throughout the ICU stay |
| Development of nonrespiratory organ dysfunction102,113,115 |
| NIV failure105,114,116 |
| Delayed intubation89 |
| Driving pressure (in patients with ARDS)† 117 |
| Low platelet count (in patients receiving ECMO)118 |
| Diagnosis of invasive fungal infection2,35 |
| No use of voriconazole in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis119,120 |
| Undetermined ARF etiology60 |
| Prolonged ICU length of stay113 |
| General characteristics |
| Age102-104 |
| Performance status98 |
| Frailty∗ 35 |
| Structural lung disease (COPD and chronic interstitial pneumonia)31 |
| Charlson comorbidity index2 |
| History of the hematological malignancy |
| Uncontrolled or refractory disease2,98,105 |
| Allogeneic stem cell transplantation with uncontrolled GVHD35 |
| At the time of ICU admission |
| Time between hospital and ICU admission26,104,106 |
| Admission to a low volume ICU107-110 |
| Severity scores2,102,104,111-114 |
| Hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 < 100)35 |
| Throughout the ICU stay |
| Development of nonrespiratory organ dysfunction102,113,115 |
| NIV failure105,114,116 |
| Delayed intubation89 |
| Driving pressure (in patients with ARDS)† 117 |
| Low platelet count (in patients receiving ECMO)118 |
| Diagnosis of invasive fungal infection2,35 |
| No use of voriconazole in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis119,120 |
| Undetermined ARF etiology60 |
| Prolonged ICU length of stay113 |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Frailty is state of decreased physiologic reserve that heightens vulnerability to acute stressors.129
Driving pressure (plateau pressure minus positive end expiratory pressure) is used to optimize mechanical ventilation by providing lung-protective ventilatory adapted to the size of the aerated lung.