Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients diagnosed with melanoma, kidney, breast, or lung cancer, and a VTE event on hospital admission, California, 2005-2017

VariablesAllIVCFNO IVCFP value∗ 
N%n%n%
All 16 847 100.0% 2551 100.0% 14 296 100.0% . 
Sex        
Male 6 548 38.9% 1140 44.7% 5 408 37.8% <.0001 
Female 10 295 61.1% 1411 55.3% 8 884 62.1% <.0001 
Race/Ethnicity        
Non-Hispanic White 11 100 65.9% 1745 68.4% 9 355 65.4% .0036 
Non-Hispanic Black/African American 1 720 10.2% 227 8.9% 1 493 10.4% .0176 
Hispanic 2 438 14.5% 360 14.1% 2 078 14.5% .5755 
Asian/Pacific Islander 1 450 8.6% 208 8.2% 1 242 8.7% .3756 
Other/unknown 139 0.8% 11 0.4% 128 0.9% .017 
Age at cancer diagnosis, median (IQR) 67 (58-76) 67 (58-76) 67 (58-76)  
Age at VTE diagnosis, median (IQR) 68 (59-77) 68 (59-77) 68 (59-77)  
Insurance type at diagnosis        
No insurance 225 1.3% 35 1.4% 190 1.3% .8617 
Private/military insurance 7 010 41.6% 1070 41.9% 5 940 41.6% .7098 
Medicaid/government 1 863 11.1% 244 9.6% 1 619 11.3% .009 
Medicare 7 287 43.3% 1132 44.4% 6 155 43.1% .2148 
Unknown insurance 462 2.7% 70 2.7% 392 2.7% .9955 
nSES        
Low SES 9 379 55.7% 1335 52.3% 8 044 56.3% .0002 
High SES 6 876 40.8% 1132 44.4% 5 744 40.2% <.0001 
SES unknown 592 3.5% 84 3.3% 508 3.6% .5102 
Cancer site        
Lung 9 619 57.1% 1584 62.1% 8 035 56.2% <.0001 
Breast 4 491 26.7% 512 20.1% 3 979 27.8% <.0001 
Melanoma 921 5.5% 187 7.3% 734 5.1% <.0001 
Kidney 1 816 10.8% 268 10.5% 1 548 10.8% .6285 
Stage at diagnosis        
I 3 210 19.1% 398 15.6% 2 812 19.7% <.0001 
II 2 129 12.6% 258 10.1% 1 871 13.1% <.0001 
III 3 350 19.9% 455 17.8% 2 895 20.3% .0049 
IV 7 229 42.9% 1302 51.0% 5 927 41.5% <.0001 
Unknown 929 5.5% 138 5.4% 791 5.5% .8014 
Comorbidities†         
No admission to the hospital 8 529 50.6% 1150 45.1% 7 379 51.6% <.0001 
0 comorbidities 841 5.0% 148 5.8% 693 4.8% .0415 
1-2 comorbidities 2 846 16.9% 489 19.2% 2 357 16.5% .0009 
≥3 comorbidities 4 631 27.5% 764 29.9% 3 867 27.0% .0025 
Metastases to the brain        
Yes 3 219 19.1% 819 32.1% 2 400 16.8% <.0001 
No 13 628 80.9 1732 67.9% 11 896 87.3% <.0001 
Contraindication to anticoagulation‡         
Coagulopathy 92 0.5% 26 1.0% 66 0.5% .0004 
Thrombocytopenia 466 2.8% 101 4.0% 365 2.6% <.0001 
Aortic dissection 72 0.4% 10 0.4% 62 0.4% .7662 
Brain surgery 109 0.6% 61 2.4% 48 0.3% <.0001 
Spine surgery 134 0.8% 60 2.4% 74 0.5% <.0001 
Orthopedic surgery 92 0.5% 28 1.1% 64 0.4% <.0001 
Inpatient transfusion 2 848 16.9% 766 30.0% 2 082 14.6% <.0001 
Bleeding 1 358 8.1% 441 17.3% 917 6.4% <.0001 
VTE location        
PE Only 9 118 54.1% 802 31.4% 8 316 58.2% <.0001 
PE + DVT 2 754 16.3% 761 29.8% 1 993 13.9% <.0001 
Proximal DVT 2 811 16.7% 639 25.0% 2 172 15.2% <.0001 
Distal DVT 1 424 8.5% 260 10.2% 1 164 8.1% .0006 
Lower extremity DVT, NOS 740 4.4% 89 3.5% 651 4.6% .0156 
Prior history of VTE 805 4.8% 117 4.6% 688 4.8% .6219 
Year of VTE discharge        
2005-2008 3 564 21.2% 678 26.6% 2 886 20.2% <.0001 
2009-2012 5 034 29.9% 908 35.6% 4 126 28.9% <.0001 
2013-2018 8 249 49.0% 965 37.8% 7 284 51.0% <.0001 
VTE facility type        
Kaiser 2 265 13.4% 228 8.9% 2 037 14.2% <.0001 
Teaching 3 010 17.9% 451 17.7% 2 559 17.9% .7886 
Private/other 11 232 66.7% 1816 71.2% 9 416 65.9% <.0001 
Unknown 340 2.0% 56 2.2% 284 2.0% .49 
VTE facility location        
Rural 588 3.5% 29 1.1% 559 3.9% <.0001 
Urban 15 843 94.0% 2458 96.4% 13 385 93.6% <.0001 
Unknown 416 2.5% 64 2.5% 352 2.5% .8889 
VTE hospital size        
0-99 beds 668 4.0% 44 1.7% 624 4.4% <.0001 
100-199 beds 2 704 16.1% 343 13.4% 2 361 16.5% .0001 
≥200 beds 12 981 77.1% 2085 81.7% 10 896 76.2% <.0001 
Unknown 494 2.9% 79 3.1% 415 2.9% .5928 
VariablesAllIVCFNO IVCFP value∗ 
N%n%n%
All 16 847 100.0% 2551 100.0% 14 296 100.0% . 
Sex        
Male 6 548 38.9% 1140 44.7% 5 408 37.8% <.0001 
Female 10 295 61.1% 1411 55.3% 8 884 62.1% <.0001 
Race/Ethnicity        
Non-Hispanic White 11 100 65.9% 1745 68.4% 9 355 65.4% .0036 
Non-Hispanic Black/African American 1 720 10.2% 227 8.9% 1 493 10.4% .0176 
Hispanic 2 438 14.5% 360 14.1% 2 078 14.5% .5755 
Asian/Pacific Islander 1 450 8.6% 208 8.2% 1 242 8.7% .3756 
Other/unknown 139 0.8% 11 0.4% 128 0.9% .017 
Age at cancer diagnosis, median (IQR) 67 (58-76) 67 (58-76) 67 (58-76)  
Age at VTE diagnosis, median (IQR) 68 (59-77) 68 (59-77) 68 (59-77)  
Insurance type at diagnosis        
No insurance 225 1.3% 35 1.4% 190 1.3% .8617 
Private/military insurance 7 010 41.6% 1070 41.9% 5 940 41.6% .7098 
Medicaid/government 1 863 11.1% 244 9.6% 1 619 11.3% .009 
Medicare 7 287 43.3% 1132 44.4% 6 155 43.1% .2148 
Unknown insurance 462 2.7% 70 2.7% 392 2.7% .9955 
nSES        
Low SES 9 379 55.7% 1335 52.3% 8 044 56.3% .0002 
High SES 6 876 40.8% 1132 44.4% 5 744 40.2% <.0001 
SES unknown 592 3.5% 84 3.3% 508 3.6% .5102 
Cancer site        
Lung 9 619 57.1% 1584 62.1% 8 035 56.2% <.0001 
Breast 4 491 26.7% 512 20.1% 3 979 27.8% <.0001 
Melanoma 921 5.5% 187 7.3% 734 5.1% <.0001 
Kidney 1 816 10.8% 268 10.5% 1 548 10.8% .6285 
Stage at diagnosis        
I 3 210 19.1% 398 15.6% 2 812 19.7% <.0001 
II 2 129 12.6% 258 10.1% 1 871 13.1% <.0001 
III 3 350 19.9% 455 17.8% 2 895 20.3% .0049 
IV 7 229 42.9% 1302 51.0% 5 927 41.5% <.0001 
Unknown 929 5.5% 138 5.4% 791 5.5% .8014 
Comorbidities†         
No admission to the hospital 8 529 50.6% 1150 45.1% 7 379 51.6% <.0001 
0 comorbidities 841 5.0% 148 5.8% 693 4.8% .0415 
1-2 comorbidities 2 846 16.9% 489 19.2% 2 357 16.5% .0009 
≥3 comorbidities 4 631 27.5% 764 29.9% 3 867 27.0% .0025 
Metastases to the brain        
Yes 3 219 19.1% 819 32.1% 2 400 16.8% <.0001 
No 13 628 80.9 1732 67.9% 11 896 87.3% <.0001 
Contraindication to anticoagulation‡         
Coagulopathy 92 0.5% 26 1.0% 66 0.5% .0004 
Thrombocytopenia 466 2.8% 101 4.0% 365 2.6% <.0001 
Aortic dissection 72 0.4% 10 0.4% 62 0.4% .7662 
Brain surgery 109 0.6% 61 2.4% 48 0.3% <.0001 
Spine surgery 134 0.8% 60 2.4% 74 0.5% <.0001 
Orthopedic surgery 92 0.5% 28 1.1% 64 0.4% <.0001 
Inpatient transfusion 2 848 16.9% 766 30.0% 2 082 14.6% <.0001 
Bleeding 1 358 8.1% 441 17.3% 917 6.4% <.0001 
VTE location        
PE Only 9 118 54.1% 802 31.4% 8 316 58.2% <.0001 
PE + DVT 2 754 16.3% 761 29.8% 1 993 13.9% <.0001 
Proximal DVT 2 811 16.7% 639 25.0% 2 172 15.2% <.0001 
Distal DVT 1 424 8.5% 260 10.2% 1 164 8.1% .0006 
Lower extremity DVT, NOS 740 4.4% 89 3.5% 651 4.6% .0156 
Prior history of VTE 805 4.8% 117 4.6% 688 4.8% .6219 
Year of VTE discharge        
2005-2008 3 564 21.2% 678 26.6% 2 886 20.2% <.0001 
2009-2012 5 034 29.9% 908 35.6% 4 126 28.9% <.0001 
2013-2018 8 249 49.0% 965 37.8% 7 284 51.0% <.0001 
VTE facility type        
Kaiser 2 265 13.4% 228 8.9% 2 037 14.2% <.0001 
Teaching 3 010 17.9% 451 17.7% 2 559 17.9% .7886 
Private/other 11 232 66.7% 1816 71.2% 9 416 65.9% <.0001 
Unknown 340 2.0% 56 2.2% 284 2.0% .49 
VTE facility location        
Rural 588 3.5% 29 1.1% 559 3.9% <.0001 
Urban 15 843 94.0% 2458 96.4% 13 385 93.6% <.0001 
Unknown 416 2.5% 64 2.5% 352 2.5% .8889 
VTE hospital size        
0-99 beds 668 4.0% 44 1.7% 624 4.4% <.0001 
100-199 beds 2 704 16.1% 343 13.4% 2 361 16.5% .0001 
≥200 beds 12 981 77.1% 2085 81.7% 10 896 76.2% <.0001 
Unknown 494 2.9% 79 3.1% 415 2.9% .5928 

NOS, not otherwise specified; SES, socioeconomic status.

∗

P value: bivariate χ2 test

†

Elixhauser index assessed ≤2 years before cancer diagnosis

‡

All contraindications included ≤14 days of VTE admission

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