Univariate and multivariate analyses on primary end point
| Characteristics . | AA (n = 34) . | No AA (n = 96) . | P value in univariate . | P value in multivariate . | OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | |||||
| Men | 17 (50) | 45 (47) | .8 | ||
| Age (y) | 52 ± 9 | 42 ± 12 | <.001 | .002∗ | 1.07 (1.02-1.12)∗ |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | .5 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 133 ± 15 | 128 ± 18 | .1 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79 ± 11 | 74 ± 12 | .01 | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 69 ± 14 | 73 ± 12 | .1 | ||
| Dyspnea equal to or greater than NYHA class 2, n (%) | 19 (56) | 50 (52) | .7 | ||
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Arterial hypertension | 25 (74) | 49 (51) | .02 | ||
| Diabetes | 1 (3) | 3 (3) | .9 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | — | ||
| Obesity | 2 (6) | 6 (6) | .9 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | 5 (15) | 8 (8) | .3 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease† | 17 (50) | 27 (28) | .02 | ||
| Active smoking | 5 (15) | 11 (11) | .6 | ||
| Thromboembolic history (PE/DVT) | 9 (26) | 26 (27) | .9 | ||
| History of stroke | 9 (26) | 16 (17) | .3 | ||
| Possible ARD-related stroke or undetermined cause‡ | 9 (26) | 5 (5) | .001 | .009∗ | 6.6 (1.4-30.3)∗ |
| Treatment of SCD, n (%) | |||||
| Hydroxyurea | 18 (53) | 63 (66) | .2 | ||
| Erythrocytapheresis | 5 (15) | 6 (6) | .1 | ||
| Hydroxyurea + erythrocytapheresis | 8 (24) | 16 (17) | .4 | ||
| Bloodletting | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | - | ||
| Biological characteristics | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 8.7 ± 1.4 | .5 | ||
| Leukocytes (×109/L) | 7.7 ± 2.5 | 7.7 ± 2.7 | .9 | ||
| Platelets (×109/L) | 275 ± 90 | 326 ± 142 | .06 | ||
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | .8 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 87 (57-129) | 59 (51-81) | .7 | ||
| GFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min per 1.73m2) | 88 (48-107) | 111 (80-123) | .02 | ||
| ASAT (IU/L) | 49 (36-68) | 41 (31-60) | .1 | ||
| ALAT (IU/L) | 22 (16-29) | 25 (18-38) | .5 | ||
| LDH (IU/L) | 498 (375-645) | 438 (341-589) | .2 | ||
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 32 (18-46) | 30 (21-48) | .7 | ||
| Free bilirubin (μmol/L) | 20 (10-31) | 22 (13-33) | .5 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP (ng/L) | 390 (131-1243) | 125 (44-276) | <.001 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP ≥160 ng/L, n (%) | 23 (68) | 38 (40) | .006 | ||
| Echocardiography data | |||||
| LV function and remodeling | |||||
| LVEF in Simpson biplane (%) | 57 ± 7 | 58 ± 6 | .8 | ||
| GLS (%) | −17.4 ± 3.4 | −18.1 ± 2.4 | .2 | ||
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | .6 | ||
| Indexed LV volume (mL/m2) | 83 ± 26 | 82 ± 21 | .9 | ||
| Indexed LV mass (g/m2) | 122 ± 41 | 103 ± 33 | .009 | ||
| Diastolic function | |||||
| E (cm/s) | 95 ± 22 | 84 ± 24 | .02 | ||
| EDT (ms) | 197 ± 50 | 187 ± 47 | .3 | ||
| A (cm/s), n = 124 | 67 ± 19 | 64 ± 23 | .6 | ||
| E/A, n = 124 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | .3 | ||
| E' lateral (cm/s) | 11 ± 3 | 14 ± 4 | .003 | ||
| E/E'lateral | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 7.1 ± 2.7 | .001 | ||
| Indexed LA volume (mL/m2) | 71 ± 24 | 52 ± 14 | <.001 | <.001∗ | 1.05 (1.02-1.08)∗ |
| Right ventricular function and right pressures | |||||
| TAPSE (mm) | 25 ± 5 | 26 ± 5 | .6 | ||
| S-wave (cm/s) | 14 ± 2 | 15 ± 3 | .4 | ||
| TRV (m/s), n = 124 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | .07 | ||
| TRV ≥3 m/s | 9 (27) | 14 (15) | .1 | ||
| Pulmonary acceleration time (ms) | 123 ± 35 | 135 ± 30 | .08 | ||
| Tricuspid ring diameter (mm) | 38 ± 6 | 34 ± 5 | .002 | .2 | |
| RV end-diastolic area (cm2) | 22 ± 5 | 22 ± 36 | .9 | ||
| Telesystolic area of the right atrium (cm2) | 23 ± 7 | 19 ± 5 | .003 | ||
| sPAP (mm Hg), n = 124 | 35 ± 8 | 32 ± 9 | .03 | .3 | |
| Right atrium pressure (mm Hg), n = 129 | 6 ± 4 | 4 ± 3 | .004 | ||
| Rhythmologic characteristics | |||||
| Corrected QT on surface ECG (ms) | 416 ± 31 | 417 ± 28 | .9 | ||
| Corrected QT >440 ms, n (%) | 4 (12) | 20 (21) | .3 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic treatment, n (%) | 21 (62) | 24 (25) | <.001 | ||
| Beta-blockers | 19 (56) | 24 (25) | .001 | ||
| Cordarone | 4 (12) | 1 (1) | .02 | ||
| Flecaine | 4 (12) | 0 (0) | .004 | ||
| 24-Holter results | |||||
| Ventricular arrhythmia, n (%) | 11 (32) | 15 (16) | .04 | ||
| Walking test data (n = 100) | |||||
| Test performed, n (%) | 21 (62) | 79 (82) | - | ||
| Walking distance (m) | 457 ± 148 | 480 ± 125 | .5 | ||
| Percentage of predicted distance (%) | 78 ± 18 | 75 ± 17 | .4 | ||
| Baseline saturation | 94 ± 3 | 95 ± 3 | .7 | ||
| Average saturation | 91 ± 6 | 89 ± 7 | .4 | ||
| Percentage of time spent <88% (%) | 9 (0-62) | 5 (0-58) | .8 |
| Characteristics . | AA (n = 34) . | No AA (n = 96) . | P value in univariate . | P value in multivariate . | OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | |||||
| Men | 17 (50) | 45 (47) | .8 | ||
| Age (y) | 52 ± 9 | 42 ± 12 | <.001 | .002∗ | 1.07 (1.02-1.12)∗ |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | .5 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 133 ± 15 | 128 ± 18 | .1 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79 ± 11 | 74 ± 12 | .01 | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 69 ± 14 | 73 ± 12 | .1 | ||
| Dyspnea equal to or greater than NYHA class 2, n (%) | 19 (56) | 50 (52) | .7 | ||
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Arterial hypertension | 25 (74) | 49 (51) | .02 | ||
| Diabetes | 1 (3) | 3 (3) | .9 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | — | ||
| Obesity | 2 (6) | 6 (6) | .9 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | 5 (15) | 8 (8) | .3 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease† | 17 (50) | 27 (28) | .02 | ||
| Active smoking | 5 (15) | 11 (11) | .6 | ||
| Thromboembolic history (PE/DVT) | 9 (26) | 26 (27) | .9 | ||
| History of stroke | 9 (26) | 16 (17) | .3 | ||
| Possible ARD-related stroke or undetermined cause‡ | 9 (26) | 5 (5) | .001 | .009∗ | 6.6 (1.4-30.3)∗ |
| Treatment of SCD, n (%) | |||||
| Hydroxyurea | 18 (53) | 63 (66) | .2 | ||
| Erythrocytapheresis | 5 (15) | 6 (6) | .1 | ||
| Hydroxyurea + erythrocytapheresis | 8 (24) | 16 (17) | .4 | ||
| Bloodletting | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | - | ||
| Biological characteristics | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 8.7 ± 1.4 | .5 | ||
| Leukocytes (×109/L) | 7.7 ± 2.5 | 7.7 ± 2.7 | .9 | ||
| Platelets (×109/L) | 275 ± 90 | 326 ± 142 | .06 | ||
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | .8 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 87 (57-129) | 59 (51-81) | .7 | ||
| GFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min per 1.73m2) | 88 (48-107) | 111 (80-123) | .02 | ||
| ASAT (IU/L) | 49 (36-68) | 41 (31-60) | .1 | ||
| ALAT (IU/L) | 22 (16-29) | 25 (18-38) | .5 | ||
| LDH (IU/L) | 498 (375-645) | 438 (341-589) | .2 | ||
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 32 (18-46) | 30 (21-48) | .7 | ||
| Free bilirubin (μmol/L) | 20 (10-31) | 22 (13-33) | .5 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP (ng/L) | 390 (131-1243) | 125 (44-276) | <.001 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP ≥160 ng/L, n (%) | 23 (68) | 38 (40) | .006 | ||
| Echocardiography data | |||||
| LV function and remodeling | |||||
| LVEF in Simpson biplane (%) | 57 ± 7 | 58 ± 6 | .8 | ||
| GLS (%) | −17.4 ± 3.4 | −18.1 ± 2.4 | .2 | ||
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | .6 | ||
| Indexed LV volume (mL/m2) | 83 ± 26 | 82 ± 21 | .9 | ||
| Indexed LV mass (g/m2) | 122 ± 41 | 103 ± 33 | .009 | ||
| Diastolic function | |||||
| E (cm/s) | 95 ± 22 | 84 ± 24 | .02 | ||
| EDT (ms) | 197 ± 50 | 187 ± 47 | .3 | ||
| A (cm/s), n = 124 | 67 ± 19 | 64 ± 23 | .6 | ||
| E/A, n = 124 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | .3 | ||
| E' lateral (cm/s) | 11 ± 3 | 14 ± 4 | .003 | ||
| E/E'lateral | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 7.1 ± 2.7 | .001 | ||
| Indexed LA volume (mL/m2) | 71 ± 24 | 52 ± 14 | <.001 | <.001∗ | 1.05 (1.02-1.08)∗ |
| Right ventricular function and right pressures | |||||
| TAPSE (mm) | 25 ± 5 | 26 ± 5 | .6 | ||
| S-wave (cm/s) | 14 ± 2 | 15 ± 3 | .4 | ||
| TRV (m/s), n = 124 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | .07 | ||
| TRV ≥3 m/s | 9 (27) | 14 (15) | .1 | ||
| Pulmonary acceleration time (ms) | 123 ± 35 | 135 ± 30 | .08 | ||
| Tricuspid ring diameter (mm) | 38 ± 6 | 34 ± 5 | .002 | .2 | |
| RV end-diastolic area (cm2) | 22 ± 5 | 22 ± 36 | .9 | ||
| Telesystolic area of the right atrium (cm2) | 23 ± 7 | 19 ± 5 | .003 | ||
| sPAP (mm Hg), n = 124 | 35 ± 8 | 32 ± 9 | .03 | .3 | |
| Right atrium pressure (mm Hg), n = 129 | 6 ± 4 | 4 ± 3 | .004 | ||
| Rhythmologic characteristics | |||||
| Corrected QT on surface ECG (ms) | 416 ± 31 | 417 ± 28 | .9 | ||
| Corrected QT >440 ms, n (%) | 4 (12) | 20 (21) | .3 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic treatment, n (%) | 21 (62) | 24 (25) | <.001 | ||
| Beta-blockers | 19 (56) | 24 (25) | .001 | ||
| Cordarone | 4 (12) | 1 (1) | .02 | ||
| Flecaine | 4 (12) | 0 (0) | .004 | ||
| 24-Holter results | |||||
| Ventricular arrhythmia, n (%) | 11 (32) | 15 (16) | .04 | ||
| Walking test data (n = 100) | |||||
| Test performed, n (%) | 21 (62) | 79 (82) | - | ||
| Walking distance (m) | 457 ± 148 | 480 ± 125 | .5 | ||
| Percentage of predicted distance (%) | 78 ± 18 | 75 ± 17 | .4 | ||
| Baseline saturation | 94 ± 3 | 95 ± 3 | .7 | ||
| Average saturation | 91 ± 6 | 89 ± 7 | .4 | ||
| Percentage of time spent <88% (%) | 9 (0-62) | 5 (0-58) | .8 |
The univariate analyses used the analysis of variance test for quantitative variables and the χ2 test for qualitative variables. A significance level P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. A multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression on univariate significant values (in bold).
Abbreviations are explained in Table 1.
Values are statistically significant (P < .05) and the OR is indicated with the 95% confidence interval.
GFR <90 mL/min per 1.73m2 according to CKD-EPI
Stroke of undetermined etiology or compatible with rhythmic cardioembolic mechanism according to an expert consensus