Characteristics of included studies used to calculate pooled effect sizes for the association between SCT and CKD
| Author, year . | Country . | Total sample . | No. of SCT . | General characteristics . | SCT diagnosis . | CKD/ESRD diagnosis . | Adjustment variables . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oli et al,28 2004 | United Kingdom | 147 | 34 | Race: predominantly Caribbean (77.3%) and African (22.7%) Sample: participants with type 2 diabetes Female: 55.8% Age: 60.4 years (mean) Hypertension: 75.2% Diabetes: 100% | HPLC and sickle solubility test | UACR ≥2.5 in males and 3.5 in females | Age, gender, race, and duration of diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (ARIC) | United States | 3 185 | 217 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 61.4% Age: 54.05 years (mean) Hypertension: 55.7% Diabetes: 19.2% | Directly genotyped for rs334 | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours; ESRD | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (CARDIA) | United States | 776 | 72 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 64.3% Age: 24.6 years (mean) Hypertension: 2.9% Diabetes: 0.3% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (2%) and genetic imputation (98%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥0 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (JHS) | United States | 1 941 | 164 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 58.7% Age: 50.55 years (mean) Hypertension: 55.5% Diabetes: 17.5% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (98%) and genetic imputation (2%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (MESA) | United States | 1 469 | 151 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 54.6% Age: 61.95 years (mean) Hypertension: 58.8% Diabetes: 20.8% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (9%) and genetic imputation (91%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (WHI) | United States | 7 356 | 644 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 100% Age: 61.55 years (mean) Hypertension: 58.3% Diabetes: 17.4% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (7%) and genetic imputation (93%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours; ESRD | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Bucknor et al,20 2014 | United States | 13 825 | 2642 | Race: African Sample: retrospective study of adults registered in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health system Female: 77.1% Age: 35.65 years (mean) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: 16.48% | Diagnostic codes, isoelectric focusing, or HPLC | ICD codes (ICD-9: 403.x, 585.1-585.6, 585.9) | Age group (18-34, 35-49, ≥50 years), months of membership (12-47, 48-95, ≥96), gender, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus |
| Dueker et al,21 2017 | United States | 8 927 | 739 | Race: Dominican Sample: population based Female: 66.0% Age: 67 years (mean) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Directly genotyped for rs334 | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | Age, sex, diabetes, and hypertension |
| Kramer et al,19 2017 | United States | 324 | 16 | Race: Caribbean Sample: population based Female: 58.6% Age: 46.1 years (mean) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Genetic imputation | UACR ≥17 mg/g in males and ≥25 mg/g in females; eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; composite of decreased eGFR and/or UACR | Age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, and the first 5 PCs calculated using data from all cohort participants |
| Naik et al,10 2017 | United States | 5 349 | 109 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 62.7% Age: 63.75 years (mean) Hypertension: 70.4% Diabetes: 29.5% | Directly genotyped and a subset was DNA sequenced. | Composite of decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) and/or UACR ≥30 mg/g | Age, sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and APOL1 high-risk genotypes |
| Hu et al,13 2019 | United States | 45 882 | 3411 | Race: African Sample: retrospective study of US Army soldiers on active duty between 2011 and 2014 Female: 28.2% Age: ≥18 years Hypertension: 10.1% Diabetes: 1.22%. | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | ICD-9 (code 585, chronic glomerulonephritis [ICD-9 codes 583 and 587] renal sclerosis, nephrotic syndrome [ICD-9 code 581], including ESRD [ICD-9 code 585.6]) | Gender, age, BMI, renal disease, hypertension, rhabdomyolysis, diabetes, rank category, service time, number of deployments, NSAID use, and AKI |
| Olaniran et al,18 2020 | United States | 8 729 | 1251 | Race: African Sample: inpatient and outpatient data Female: 83% Age: 38 years (mean) Hypertension: 24.9% Diabetes: 20.5% | Hb electrophoresis | eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease, smoking status, AKI, ACEi/ARB use, UACR, baseline eGFR, and hemoglobin electrophoresis indications |
| Masimango et al,9 2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 901 | 75 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 53.6% Age: 43.55 years (mean) Hypertension: 19.5% Diabetes: 5.2% | Directly genotyped for rs334 | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and/or UACR ≥30 mg/g | Age, sex, site, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, NSAIDs, medicinal plants, and smoking status |
| Hulsizer et al,16 2022 | United Kingdom | 7 956 | 699 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 57.8% Age: 51 years Hypertension: 48.3% Diabetes: 19.14% | Whole exome sequencing and ICD codes | ICD codes and self-report | Gender, age at recruitment, top 10 PCs, and diabetes (type 1 and type 2) |
| Verma et al,17 2022 (African individuals) | United States | 921 134 | 5012 | Race: African Sample: retrospective study of US veterans Female: NP Age: NP Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Directly genotyped (rs334-T) or imputed (rs33930165-T) markers | ICD9, ICD10 codes, and CPT codes | Sex, age, age squared, and the first 20 ancestry-specific PCs derived from the genetic data |
| Verma et al,17 2022 (Hispanic individuals) | United States | 48 870 | 2164 | Race: Hispanic Sample: retrospective study of US veterans Female: NP Age: NP Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Directly genotyped (rs334-T) or imputed (rs33930165-T) markers | ICD9, ICD10 codes, and CPT codes | Sex, age, age squared, and the first 20 ancestry-specific PCs derived from the genetic data |
| Stafford et al,22 2023 | United States | 2 894 | 1447 | Race: predominantly African (72.7%) Sample: retrospective study of the University of Colorado Health Data Compass data warehouse Female: 70.4% Age: 36 years (median) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | ICD codes | ICD codes | Age, sex, and race |
| Author, year . | Country . | Total sample . | No. of SCT . | General characteristics . | SCT diagnosis . | CKD/ESRD diagnosis . | Adjustment variables . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oli et al,28 2004 | United Kingdom | 147 | 34 | Race: predominantly Caribbean (77.3%) and African (22.7%) Sample: participants with type 2 diabetes Female: 55.8% Age: 60.4 years (mean) Hypertension: 75.2% Diabetes: 100% | HPLC and sickle solubility test | UACR ≥2.5 in males and 3.5 in females | Age, gender, race, and duration of diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (ARIC) | United States | 3 185 | 217 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 61.4% Age: 54.05 years (mean) Hypertension: 55.7% Diabetes: 19.2% | Directly genotyped for rs334 | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours; ESRD | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (CARDIA) | United States | 776 | 72 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 64.3% Age: 24.6 years (mean) Hypertension: 2.9% Diabetes: 0.3% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (2%) and genetic imputation (98%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥0 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (JHS) | United States | 1 941 | 164 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 58.7% Age: 50.55 years (mean) Hypertension: 55.5% Diabetes: 17.5% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (98%) and genetic imputation (2%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (MESA) | United States | 1 469 | 151 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 54.6% Age: 61.95 years (mean) Hypertension: 58.8% Diabetes: 20.8% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (9%) and genetic imputation (91%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Naik et al,8 2014 (WHI) | United States | 7 356 | 644 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 100% Age: 61.55 years (mean) Hypertension: 58.3% Diabetes: 17.4% | Directly genotyped for rs334 (7%) and genetic imputation (93%) | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; UACR ≥30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg per 24 hours; ESRD | Age, sex, clinic or region, African ancestry, hypertension, and diabetes |
| Bucknor et al,20 2014 | United States | 13 825 | 2642 | Race: African Sample: retrospective study of adults registered in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health system Female: 77.1% Age: 35.65 years (mean) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: 16.48% | Diagnostic codes, isoelectric focusing, or HPLC | ICD codes (ICD-9: 403.x, 585.1-585.6, 585.9) | Age group (18-34, 35-49, ≥50 years), months of membership (12-47, 48-95, ≥96), gender, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus |
| Dueker et al,21 2017 | United States | 8 927 | 739 | Race: Dominican Sample: population based Female: 66.0% Age: 67 years (mean) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Directly genotyped for rs334 | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | Age, sex, diabetes, and hypertension |
| Kramer et al,19 2017 | United States | 324 | 16 | Race: Caribbean Sample: population based Female: 58.6% Age: 46.1 years (mean) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Genetic imputation | UACR ≥17 mg/g in males and ≥25 mg/g in females; eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; composite of decreased eGFR and/or UACR | Age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, and the first 5 PCs calculated using data from all cohort participants |
| Naik et al,10 2017 | United States | 5 349 | 109 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 62.7% Age: 63.75 years (mean) Hypertension: 70.4% Diabetes: 29.5% | Directly genotyped and a subset was DNA sequenced. | Composite of decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) and/or UACR ≥30 mg/g | Age, sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and APOL1 high-risk genotypes |
| Hu et al,13 2019 | United States | 45 882 | 3411 | Race: African Sample: retrospective study of US Army soldiers on active duty between 2011 and 2014 Female: 28.2% Age: ≥18 years Hypertension: 10.1% Diabetes: 1.22%. | Hemoglobin electrophoresis | ICD-9 (code 585, chronic glomerulonephritis [ICD-9 codes 583 and 587] renal sclerosis, nephrotic syndrome [ICD-9 code 581], including ESRD [ICD-9 code 585.6]) | Gender, age, BMI, renal disease, hypertension, rhabdomyolysis, diabetes, rank category, service time, number of deployments, NSAID use, and AKI |
| Olaniran et al,18 2020 | United States | 8 729 | 1251 | Race: African Sample: inpatient and outpatient data Female: 83% Age: 38 years (mean) Hypertension: 24.9% Diabetes: 20.5% | Hb electrophoresis | eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease, smoking status, AKI, ACEi/ARB use, UACR, baseline eGFR, and hemoglobin electrophoresis indications |
| Masimango et al,9 2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 901 | 75 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 53.6% Age: 43.55 years (mean) Hypertension: 19.5% Diabetes: 5.2% | Directly genotyped for rs334 | eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and/or UACR ≥30 mg/g | Age, sex, site, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, NSAIDs, medicinal plants, and smoking status |
| Hulsizer et al,16 2022 | United Kingdom | 7 956 | 699 | Race: African Sample: population based Female: 57.8% Age: 51 years Hypertension: 48.3% Diabetes: 19.14% | Whole exome sequencing and ICD codes | ICD codes and self-report | Gender, age at recruitment, top 10 PCs, and diabetes (type 1 and type 2) |
| Verma et al,17 2022 (African individuals) | United States | 921 134 | 5012 | Race: African Sample: retrospective study of US veterans Female: NP Age: NP Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Directly genotyped (rs334-T) or imputed (rs33930165-T) markers | ICD9, ICD10 codes, and CPT codes | Sex, age, age squared, and the first 20 ancestry-specific PCs derived from the genetic data |
| Verma et al,17 2022 (Hispanic individuals) | United States | 48 870 | 2164 | Race: Hispanic Sample: retrospective study of US veterans Female: NP Age: NP Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | Directly genotyped (rs334-T) or imputed (rs33930165-T) markers | ICD9, ICD10 codes, and CPT codes | Sex, age, age squared, and the first 20 ancestry-specific PCs derived from the genetic data |
| Stafford et al,22 2023 | United States | 2 894 | 1447 | Race: predominantly African (72.7%) Sample: retrospective study of the University of Colorado Health Data Compass data warehouse Female: 70.4% Age: 36 years (median) Hypertension: NP Diabetes: NP | ICD codes | ICD codes | Age, sex, and race |
ACEi/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CPT, current procedural terminology codes; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; JHS, Jackson Heart Study; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; NP, not provided; NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PC, principal component; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; WHI, Women’s Health Initiative.