Summary of all patients and comparison between those who experienced a vascular event and those who did not
| . | Laboratory reference interval . | All patients (N = 154) . | No vascular event (n = 139) . | Vascular event (n = 15) . | P value (vascular event vs no vascular event) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical demographics | |||||
| Age, y | — | 63.0 (50.0-72.0) | 63.0 (50.0-72.0) | 59.0 (54.0-66.0) | .49 |
| Male sex, n (%) | — | 86 (55.8) | 75 (54.0) | 11 (73.3) | .15 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | — | 127 (82.5) | 114 (82.0) | 13 (86.7) | .65 |
| Autoimmune diabetes, n (%) | — | 27 (17.5) | 25 (18.0) | 2 (13.3) | |
| Duration of diabetes, y | — | 10.0 (5.0-17.0) | 10 (4.5-17.0) | 15.0 (6.0-17.0) | .23 |
| No. of cardiovascular risk factors, mean (SD) | — | 4.2 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.4) | 4.8 (0.9) | .077 |
| Framingham Risk Score, n (%) | — | .71 | |||
| Low-risk score | 24 (15.7) | 23 (16.5) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| Moderate-risk score | 28 (18.3) | 26 (18.7) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| High-risk score | 101 (66.0) | 90 (64.7) | 11 (78.6) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | — | 114 (74.0) | 99 (71.2) | 15 (100.0) | .016 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | — | 113 (73.4) | 98 (70.5) | 15 (100.0) | .014 |
| History of microvascular disease, n (%) | — | 35 (22.7) | 30 (21.6) | 5 (33.3) | .3 |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | — | 58 (37.7) | 52 (37.4) | 6 (40.0) | .84 |
| History of stroke/TIA, n (%) | — | 11 (7.1) | 11 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | .26 |
| History of peripheral artery disease, n (%) | — | 11 (7.1) | 9 (6.5) | 2 (13.3) | .33 |
| History of coronary artery disease, n (%) | — | 35 (22.7) | 30 (21.6) | 5 (33.3) | .3 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | — | 30.8 (25.8-36.8) | 30.8 (25.7-36.2) | 31.7 (27.9-37.4) | .38 |
| Obesity, n (%) | — | 87 (56.5) | 78 (56.1) | 9 (60.0) | .77 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | — | 30 (19.5) | 26 (18.7) | 4 (26.7) | .46 |
| Antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | — | 65 (42.2) | 56 (40.3) | 9 (60.0) | .89 |
| Standard laboratory parameters | |||||
| HbA1c, % | <6.5 | 7.5 (6.6-8.5) | 7.3 (6.6-8.5) | 8.4 (7.5-9.7) | .065 |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/L | Male, 128-175; female, 115-155 | 137.8 (16.3) | 138.1 (15.5) | 134.8 (22.4) | .46 |
| PT, s | 11.0-17.0 | 11.7 (10.9-12.6) | 11.9 (10.8-12.6) | 11.3 (10.9-11.5) | .045 |
| APTT, s | 25.0-38.0 | 27.3 (26.0-29.0) | 27.4 (26.1-29.3) | 25.7 (23.7-26.9) | .002 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 2.0-4.0 | 3.8 (3.2-4.5) | 3.8 (3.2-4.5) | 3.9 (3.3-4.5) | .41 |
| Factor VIII, % | 50-150 | 161.0 (126.0-200.0) | 159.0 (125.0-194.0) | 181.0 (156.5-274.5) | .045 |
| VWF antigen, % | 50-150 | 156.5 (116.0-191.5) | 154.0 (107.5-186.0) | 173.5 (147.0-240.5) | .042 |
| Antithrombin III, mean (SD), % | 70-140 | 100.2 (12.3) | 100.0 (12.2) | 102.3 (13.7) | .51 |
| Protein C, mean (SD), % | 60-110 | 124.4 (27.9) | 124.5 (28.8) | 123.8 (17.3) | .93 |
| Protein S, mean (SD), % | 50-120 | 110.6 (24.2) | 110.1 (23.8) | 115.6 (27.9) | .42 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 60-110 | 83.0 (65.0-114.0) | 81.0 (64.0-114.0) | 105.0 (65.0-143.0) | .13 |
| Creatinine clearance, median (IQR), mL/min | >70 | 88.6 (59.7-124.0) | 90.7 (59.7-124.0) | 83.4 (58.1-125.2) | .58 |
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | <6 | 2.7 (1.1-6.2) | 2.8 (1.1-6.1) | 1.5 (0.7-7.5) | .56 |
| Total cholesterol, median (IQR), mmol/L | <5.6 | 4.2 (3.6-5.1) | 4.2 (3.6-5.1) | 4.0 (3.3-5.3) | .92 |
| HDL, median (IQR), mmol/L | >0.9 | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | .8 |
| LDL, median (IQR), mmol/L | <3.1 | 2.1 (1.6-2.9) | 2.1 (1.6-2.9) | 2.1 (1.5-3.0) | .96 |
| Triglycerides, median (IQR), mmol/L | <2.1 | 1.8 (1.2-2.5) | 1.8 (1.2-2.6) | 1.8 (1.6-2.4) | .9 |
| GCAs | |||||
| Thromboelastography | |||||
| R-time, min | 6.5 (5.6-7.8) | 6.5 (5.5-7.7) | 6.6 (6.2-7.9) | .26 | |
| K-time, min | 1.9 (1.5-2.2) | 1.8 (1.5-2.2) | 1.9 (1.4-2.3) | 1.00 | |
| α-Angle, ° | 52.9 (45.6-63.6) | 53.2 (46.0-65.5) | 50.8 (43.7-55.9) | .099 | |
| Maximum amplitude, mm | 68.1 (65.4-72.2) | 68.0 (65.0-71.5) | 70.5 (66.8-75.0) | .048 | |
| Lysis 30, % | 0.0 (0.0-0.5) | 0.0 (0.0-0.5) | 0.2 (0.0-0.4) | .95 | |
| Calibrated automated thrombogram | |||||
| Lag time, min | 3.9 (3.3-4.6) | 3.9 (3.3-4.6) | 3.8 (3.3-4.2) | .71 | |
| ETP, nM.min | 1258.6 (1073.8-1463.0) | 1256.4 (1068.4-1460.1) | 1385.1 (1146.0-1499.0) | .46 | |
| Peak, nM | 211.1 (165.7-256.0) | 209.7 (162.4-257.4) | 226.1 (185.2-248.5) | .38 | |
| Velocity index, nM/min | 63.2 (41.3-86.1) | 60.3 (40.3-86.7) | 66.5 (56.0-76.8) | .40 | |
| Overall hemostatic potential | |||||
| OCP, units | 40.2 (33.2-47.6) | 40.1 (32.9-46.9) | 44.6 (34.9-54.2) | .094 | |
| OHP, units | 9.3 (6.5-13.7) | 9.0 (6.5-13.1) | 14.8 (6.6-20.1) | .032 | |
| OFP, % | 75.3 (69.5-82.2) | 75.8 (70.3-82.2) | 69.2 (55.9-81.8) | .045 | |
| . | Laboratory reference interval . | All patients (N = 154) . | No vascular event (n = 139) . | Vascular event (n = 15) . | P value (vascular event vs no vascular event) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical demographics | |||||
| Age, y | — | 63.0 (50.0-72.0) | 63.0 (50.0-72.0) | 59.0 (54.0-66.0) | .49 |
| Male sex, n (%) | — | 86 (55.8) | 75 (54.0) | 11 (73.3) | .15 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | — | 127 (82.5) | 114 (82.0) | 13 (86.7) | .65 |
| Autoimmune diabetes, n (%) | — | 27 (17.5) | 25 (18.0) | 2 (13.3) | |
| Duration of diabetes, y | — | 10.0 (5.0-17.0) | 10 (4.5-17.0) | 15.0 (6.0-17.0) | .23 |
| No. of cardiovascular risk factors, mean (SD) | — | 4.2 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.4) | 4.8 (0.9) | .077 |
| Framingham Risk Score, n (%) | — | .71 | |||
| Low-risk score | 24 (15.7) | 23 (16.5) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| Moderate-risk score | 28 (18.3) | 26 (18.7) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| High-risk score | 101 (66.0) | 90 (64.7) | 11 (78.6) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | — | 114 (74.0) | 99 (71.2) | 15 (100.0) | .016 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | — | 113 (73.4) | 98 (70.5) | 15 (100.0) | .014 |
| History of microvascular disease, n (%) | — | 35 (22.7) | 30 (21.6) | 5 (33.3) | .3 |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | — | 58 (37.7) | 52 (37.4) | 6 (40.0) | .84 |
| History of stroke/TIA, n (%) | — | 11 (7.1) | 11 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | .26 |
| History of peripheral artery disease, n (%) | — | 11 (7.1) | 9 (6.5) | 2 (13.3) | .33 |
| History of coronary artery disease, n (%) | — | 35 (22.7) | 30 (21.6) | 5 (33.3) | .3 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | — | 30.8 (25.8-36.8) | 30.8 (25.7-36.2) | 31.7 (27.9-37.4) | .38 |
| Obesity, n (%) | — | 87 (56.5) | 78 (56.1) | 9 (60.0) | .77 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | — | 30 (19.5) | 26 (18.7) | 4 (26.7) | .46 |
| Antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | — | 65 (42.2) | 56 (40.3) | 9 (60.0) | .89 |
| Standard laboratory parameters | |||||
| HbA1c, % | <6.5 | 7.5 (6.6-8.5) | 7.3 (6.6-8.5) | 8.4 (7.5-9.7) | .065 |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/L | Male, 128-175; female, 115-155 | 137.8 (16.3) | 138.1 (15.5) | 134.8 (22.4) | .46 |
| PT, s | 11.0-17.0 | 11.7 (10.9-12.6) | 11.9 (10.8-12.6) | 11.3 (10.9-11.5) | .045 |
| APTT, s | 25.0-38.0 | 27.3 (26.0-29.0) | 27.4 (26.1-29.3) | 25.7 (23.7-26.9) | .002 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 2.0-4.0 | 3.8 (3.2-4.5) | 3.8 (3.2-4.5) | 3.9 (3.3-4.5) | .41 |
| Factor VIII, % | 50-150 | 161.0 (126.0-200.0) | 159.0 (125.0-194.0) | 181.0 (156.5-274.5) | .045 |
| VWF antigen, % | 50-150 | 156.5 (116.0-191.5) | 154.0 (107.5-186.0) | 173.5 (147.0-240.5) | .042 |
| Antithrombin III, mean (SD), % | 70-140 | 100.2 (12.3) | 100.0 (12.2) | 102.3 (13.7) | .51 |
| Protein C, mean (SD), % | 60-110 | 124.4 (27.9) | 124.5 (28.8) | 123.8 (17.3) | .93 |
| Protein S, mean (SD), % | 50-120 | 110.6 (24.2) | 110.1 (23.8) | 115.6 (27.9) | .42 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 60-110 | 83.0 (65.0-114.0) | 81.0 (64.0-114.0) | 105.0 (65.0-143.0) | .13 |
| Creatinine clearance, median (IQR), mL/min | >70 | 88.6 (59.7-124.0) | 90.7 (59.7-124.0) | 83.4 (58.1-125.2) | .58 |
| CRP, median (IQR), mg/L | <6 | 2.7 (1.1-6.2) | 2.8 (1.1-6.1) | 1.5 (0.7-7.5) | .56 |
| Total cholesterol, median (IQR), mmol/L | <5.6 | 4.2 (3.6-5.1) | 4.2 (3.6-5.1) | 4.0 (3.3-5.3) | .92 |
| HDL, median (IQR), mmol/L | >0.9 | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | 1.1 (1.0-1.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | .8 |
| LDL, median (IQR), mmol/L | <3.1 | 2.1 (1.6-2.9) | 2.1 (1.6-2.9) | 2.1 (1.5-3.0) | .96 |
| Triglycerides, median (IQR), mmol/L | <2.1 | 1.8 (1.2-2.5) | 1.8 (1.2-2.6) | 1.8 (1.6-2.4) | .9 |
| GCAs | |||||
| Thromboelastography | |||||
| R-time, min | 6.5 (5.6-7.8) | 6.5 (5.5-7.7) | 6.6 (6.2-7.9) | .26 | |
| K-time, min | 1.9 (1.5-2.2) | 1.8 (1.5-2.2) | 1.9 (1.4-2.3) | 1.00 | |
| α-Angle, ° | 52.9 (45.6-63.6) | 53.2 (46.0-65.5) | 50.8 (43.7-55.9) | .099 | |
| Maximum amplitude, mm | 68.1 (65.4-72.2) | 68.0 (65.0-71.5) | 70.5 (66.8-75.0) | .048 | |
| Lysis 30, % | 0.0 (0.0-0.5) | 0.0 (0.0-0.5) | 0.2 (0.0-0.4) | .95 | |
| Calibrated automated thrombogram | |||||
| Lag time, min | 3.9 (3.3-4.6) | 3.9 (3.3-4.6) | 3.8 (3.3-4.2) | .71 | |
| ETP, nM.min | 1258.6 (1073.8-1463.0) | 1256.4 (1068.4-1460.1) | 1385.1 (1146.0-1499.0) | .46 | |
| Peak, nM | 211.1 (165.7-256.0) | 209.7 (162.4-257.4) | 226.1 (185.2-248.5) | .38 | |
| Velocity index, nM/min | 63.2 (41.3-86.1) | 60.3 (40.3-86.7) | 66.5 (56.0-76.8) | .40 | |
| Overall hemostatic potential | |||||
| OCP, units | 40.2 (33.2-47.6) | 40.1 (32.9-46.9) | 44.6 (34.9-54.2) | .094 | |
| OHP, units | 9.3 (6.5-13.7) | 9.0 (6.5-13.1) | 14.8 (6.6-20.1) | .032 | |
| OFP, % | 75.3 (69.5-82.2) | 75.8 (70.3-82.2) | 69.2 (55.9-81.8) | .045 | |
Results reported as median (IQR) unless otherwise specified. P < .05 denotes significance (indicated in bold).
APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; CRP, C-reactive protein; ETP, endogenous thrombin potential; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OCP, overall coagulation potential; OFP, overall fibrinolytic potential; OHP, overall hemostatic potential; PT, prothrombin time; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack; VWF, von Willebrand factor.