Platelet inflammatory and immune factors in sepsis
| Functional class . | Factor(s) . | Target cells . |
|---|---|---|
| Adhesion and signaling molecule | P-selectin | PMNs, monocytes, lymphocytes |
| ITIM-containing immunoreceptor | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells–like transcript-1 (TLT-1) | Platelets |
| Inflammatory modulators | Histamine | ECs, monocytes, PMNs, natural killer cells, T and B cells, eosinophils |
| Serotonin (5-HT) | Monocytes, macrophages, DC | |
| Inflammatory and immunomodulatory lipids | TXA2 | Platelets, T-lymphocyte and macrophage subsets |
| PAF | Platelets, PMNs, monocytes, macrophage and lymphocyte subsets | |
| Adaptive immune modulator | CD40L (CD154) | B cells, T lymphocytes, EC, monocytes, DC subtypes, epithelial cells |
| Growth factors | PDGF | Monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes |
| TGF-β | Monocytes, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes | |
| Chemokines | PF4 (CXCL4) | PMNs, monocytes, macrophages |
| NAP2 (CXCL7) | PMNs | |
| GRO-α (CXCL1) | PMNs | |
| ENA-78 (CXCL5) | PMNs | |
| SDF-1 (CXCL12) | Bone marrow–derived progenitor cells | |
| RANTES (CCL5) | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, T-lymphocyte and DC subsets | |
| MIP-1α (CCL3) | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, lymphocyte and DC subsets | |
| MCP-3 (CCL7) | Monocytes, basophils, natural killer cells, lymphocyte and DC subsets | |
| Cytokines | IL-1β and IL-1α | Monocytes, DC and macrophage subsets, T-cell lines, EC, vascular smooth muscle cells, synoviocytes |
| MIF | Monocytes, macrophages | |
| HMBG1 | Macrophages, PMNs, ECs | |
| GM-CSF | Eosinophils | |
| Antimicrobial peptides | Platelet microbicidal proteins (several classes) | No human cellular targets identified; microbicidal for several bacteria and fungi |
| β-defensin 1 | PMNs (NET formation) |
| Functional class . | Factor(s) . | Target cells . |
|---|---|---|
| Adhesion and signaling molecule | P-selectin | PMNs, monocytes, lymphocytes |
| ITIM-containing immunoreceptor | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells–like transcript-1 (TLT-1) | Platelets |
| Inflammatory modulators | Histamine | ECs, monocytes, PMNs, natural killer cells, T and B cells, eosinophils |
| Serotonin (5-HT) | Monocytes, macrophages, DC | |
| Inflammatory and immunomodulatory lipids | TXA2 | Platelets, T-lymphocyte and macrophage subsets |
| PAF | Platelets, PMNs, monocytes, macrophage and lymphocyte subsets | |
| Adaptive immune modulator | CD40L (CD154) | B cells, T lymphocytes, EC, monocytes, DC subtypes, epithelial cells |
| Growth factors | PDGF | Monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes |
| TGF-β | Monocytes, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes | |
| Chemokines | PF4 (CXCL4) | PMNs, monocytes, macrophages |
| NAP2 (CXCL7) | PMNs | |
| GRO-α (CXCL1) | PMNs | |
| ENA-78 (CXCL5) | PMNs | |
| SDF-1 (CXCL12) | Bone marrow–derived progenitor cells | |
| RANTES (CCL5) | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, T-lymphocyte and DC subsets | |
| MIP-1α (CCL3) | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, lymphocyte and DC subsets | |
| MCP-3 (CCL7) | Monocytes, basophils, natural killer cells, lymphocyte and DC subsets | |
| Cytokines | IL-1β and IL-1α | Monocytes, DC and macrophage subsets, T-cell lines, EC, vascular smooth muscle cells, synoviocytes |
| MIF | Monocytes, macrophages | |
| HMBG1 | Macrophages, PMNs, ECs | |
| GM-CSF | Eosinophils | |
| Antimicrobial peptides | Platelet microbicidal proteins (several classes) | No human cellular targets identified; microbicidal for several bacteria and fungi |
| β-defensin 1 | PMNs (NET formation) |
This list is not comprehensive and platelet factors with other immune or inflammatory activities have been identified (modified from Rondina et al.8 ).
DC, dendritic cell; EC, endothelial cell; IL, interleukin; MCP-3, monocyte chemotactic protein-3; NET, neutrophil extracellular traps; PF4, platelet factor 4; PMNs, polymorphonuclear neutrophils; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted.