Conditions with low or limited response to oral iron preparations
| Noncompliance |
| Severe side effects (eg, gastrointestinal) |
| Limited absorption (eg, in inflammatory bowel disease) |
| Postoperative phase (first days to weeks) |
| Abnormal hepcidin regulation |
| Limited time |
| Chronic inflammatory stages (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) |
| Use of red cell–stimulating hormones (eg, rhEPO, NESP) |
| Preexisting moderate-to-severe iron-deficiency anemia |
| Iron preparation with low pharmacological properties |
| Noncompliance |
| Severe side effects (eg, gastrointestinal) |
| Limited absorption (eg, in inflammatory bowel disease) |
| Postoperative phase (first days to weeks) |
| Abnormal hepcidin regulation |
| Limited time |
| Chronic inflammatory stages (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) |
| Use of red cell–stimulating hormones (eg, rhEPO, NESP) |
| Preexisting moderate-to-severe iron-deficiency anemia |
| Iron preparation with low pharmacological properties |
NESP, novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein; rhEPO, recombinant human erythropoietin.