Biomarkers of pathogenic processes in SCD
| . | Type . | Biomarker . |
|---|---|---|
| Hemolysis | Routine laboratory | LDH, bilirubin, reticulocyte count |
| Combined | Hemolytic index | |
| Molecular | Free heme and plasma hemoglobin, arginine/arginase ratio | |
| Cell based | Dense RBC fraction | |
| Endothelial dysfunction | Physiological | Elevated pulse pressure |
| Routine laboratory | VWF, flow-mediated vasodilation | |
| Molecular | Circulating microparticles | |
| Cell based | Circulating endothelial cells | |
| Sterile inflammation | Routine laboratory | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein |
| Molecular | Nucleosomes; elastase-α1-antitrypsin; chromatin-binding protein HMGB1; NLRP3; cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β | |
| Hemostatic activation | Routine laboratory | d-dimer; ADAMTS13 activity |
| Molecular | Active VWF, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, thrombospondin 1 | |
| Cell based | Circulating endothelial cells with tissue factor phenotype | |
| Oxidant stress | Molecular | Oxidized glutathione, glutamine |
| Blood hyperviscosity | Routine laboratory | High hemoglobin |
| Cellular hyperadhesion | Routine laboratory | White blood cell count |
| Molecular | Soluble E-selectin, P-selectin, and MAC-1 | |
| Cell based | RBC phosphatidylserine and integrin α4βi (VLA4) |
| . | Type . | Biomarker . |
|---|---|---|
| Hemolysis | Routine laboratory | LDH, bilirubin, reticulocyte count |
| Combined | Hemolytic index | |
| Molecular | Free heme and plasma hemoglobin, arginine/arginase ratio | |
| Cell based | Dense RBC fraction | |
| Endothelial dysfunction | Physiological | Elevated pulse pressure |
| Routine laboratory | VWF, flow-mediated vasodilation | |
| Molecular | Circulating microparticles | |
| Cell based | Circulating endothelial cells | |
| Sterile inflammation | Routine laboratory | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein |
| Molecular | Nucleosomes; elastase-α1-antitrypsin; chromatin-binding protein HMGB1; NLRP3; cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β | |
| Hemostatic activation | Routine laboratory | d-dimer; ADAMTS13 activity |
| Molecular | Active VWF, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, thrombospondin 1 | |
| Cell based | Circulating endothelial cells with tissue factor phenotype | |
| Oxidant stress | Molecular | Oxidized glutathione, glutamine |
| Blood hyperviscosity | Routine laboratory | High hemoglobin |
| Cellular hyperadhesion | Routine laboratory | White blood cell count |
| Molecular | Soluble E-selectin, P-selectin, and MAC-1 | |
| Cell based | RBC phosphatidylserine and integrin α4βi (VLA4) |
ADAMTS13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13.