The association of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) among farmers associated with chemical classes of herbicides according to t(14;18) status
. | . | t(14;18)-positive NHL vs control subjects . | . | t(14;18)-negative NHL vs control subjects . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbicide use . | Control subjects . | Case subjects . | OR (95% CI)* . | Case subjects . | OR (95% CI)* . | P for difference† . | ||
| Never used pesticides | 229 | 5 | 1.0 (referent) | 23 | 1.0 (referent) | NA | ||
| Phenoxyacetic acids | ||||||||
| No‡ | 31 | 4 | 5.0 (1.2-20.8) | 4 | 1.5 (0.5-4.8) | .2 | ||
| Yes | 180 | 14 | 2.9 (1.0-8.4) | 14 | 0.8 (0.4-1.6) | .04 | ||
| Triazines | ||||||||
| No‡ | 88 | 6 | 2.8 (0.8-9.5) | 7 | 0.9 (0.4-2.1) | .1 | ||
| Yes | 114 | 11 | 3.4 (1.1-10.4) | 11 | 1.0 (0.4-2.2) | .07 | ||
| Amides | ||||||||
| No‡ | 103 | 7 | 2.8 (0.8-9.1) | 8 | 0.8 (0.4-2.0) | .1 | ||
| Yes | 99 | 10 | 3.5 (1.1-11.0) | 10 | 1.0 (0.4-2.3) | .08 | ||
| Benzoic acids | ||||||||
| No‡ | 143 | 11 | 3.0 (1.0-9.0) | 12 | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | .07 | ||
| Yes | 58 | 6 | 3.5 (1.0-13.0) | 6 | 1.0 (0.4-2.9) | .1 | ||
| Carbamates | ||||||||
| No‡ | 151 | 12 | 2.9 (1.0-8.7) | 11 | 0.8 (0.4-1.7) | .05 | ||
| Yes | 50 | 5 | 3.9 (1.0-14.5) | 7 | 1.4 (0.5-3.8) | .2 | ||
| Dinitroanilines | ||||||||
| No‡ | 141 | 13 | 3.7 (1.3-10.8) | 11 | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | .03 | ||
| Yes | 62 | 4 | 1.8 (0.4-7.9) | 7 | 1.0 (0.4-2.6) | .5 | ||
. | . | t(14;18)-positive NHL vs control subjects . | . | t(14;18)-negative NHL vs control subjects . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbicide use . | Control subjects . | Case subjects . | OR (95% CI)* . | Case subjects . | OR (95% CI)* . | P for difference† . | ||
| Never used pesticides | 229 | 5 | 1.0 (referent) | 23 | 1.0 (referent) | NA | ||
| Phenoxyacetic acids | ||||||||
| No‡ | 31 | 4 | 5.0 (1.2-20.8) | 4 | 1.5 (0.5-4.8) | .2 | ||
| Yes | 180 | 14 | 2.9 (1.0-8.4) | 14 | 0.8 (0.4-1.6) | .04 | ||
| Triazines | ||||||||
| No‡ | 88 | 6 | 2.8 (0.8-9.5) | 7 | 0.9 (0.4-2.1) | .1 | ||
| Yes | 114 | 11 | 3.4 (1.1-10.4) | 11 | 1.0 (0.4-2.2) | .07 | ||
| Amides | ||||||||
| No‡ | 103 | 7 | 2.8 (0.8-9.1) | 8 | 0.8 (0.4-2.0) | .1 | ||
| Yes | 99 | 10 | 3.5 (1.1-11.0) | 10 | 1.0 (0.4-2.3) | .08 | ||
| Benzoic acids | ||||||||
| No‡ | 143 | 11 | 3.0 (1.0-9.0) | 12 | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | .07 | ||
| Yes | 58 | 6 | 3.5 (1.0-13.0) | 6 | 1.0 (0.4-2.9) | .1 | ||
| Carbamates | ||||||||
| No‡ | 151 | 12 | 2.9 (1.0-8.7) | 11 | 0.8 (0.4-1.7) | .05 | ||
| Yes | 50 | 5 | 3.9 (1.0-14.5) | 7 | 1.4 (0.5-3.8) | .2 | ||
| Dinitroanilines | ||||||||
| No‡ | 141 | 13 | 3.7 (1.3-10.8) | 11 | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | .03 | ||
| Yes | 62 | 4 | 1.8 (0.4-7.9) | 7 | 1.0 (0.4-2.6) | .5 | ||
NA indicates not applicable.
Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age (4 levels), sex, type of respondent (direct or proxy interview), and family history of cancer (yes or no).
P for difference was computed from polytomous logistic regression by testing the difference of regression coefficients of the usage of pesticides corresponding to t(14;18)-positive versus control subjects and t(14;18)-negative versus control subjects.
Did not use the specific chemical class of herbicides but may still have used insecticides or other chemical classes of herbicides.