Measured outcome variables
| . | t0 (medical checkup before HSCT) . | t1 (admission to hospital) . | t2 (discharge from hospital) . | t3 (6-8 weeks after discharge) . | Significant changes over time* . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFI | |||||||||
| General fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 12.0 | (4.0) | 11.2 | (4.2) | 12.7 | (3.6) | 11.0 | (4.1) | t0→ t2: .01*** |
| Control | 11.6 | (4.7) | 11.4 | (4.7) | 14.7 | (4.4) | 13.5 | (4.3) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Student t test | .72 | .82 | .03 | ** | < .01 | *** | ANOVA: interaction (P ≤ .01***)‡ | ||
| Physical fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 12.4 | (4.2) | 11.5 | (4.1) | 12.9 | (4.1) | 11.4 | (4.7) | t0→ t2: .02** |
| Control | 11.5 | (5.0) | 11.2 | (4.8) | 14.6 | (4.7) | 14.0 | (4.5) | t0→ t3: < .01** |
| Student t test | .41 | .78 | .08 | .01 | ** | ANOVA: interaction (P ≤ .01***)‡ | |||
| Reduced activation† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 10.6 | (4.2) | 10.8 | (4.2) | 12.9 | (4.1) | 12.0 | (4.5) | |
| Control | 11.4 | (4.9) | 11.5 | (4.1) | 13.5 | (4.2) | 12.5 | (4.1) | |
| Student t test | .40 | .47 | .52 | .60 | |||||
| Reduced motivation† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 7.7 | (3.1) | 7.5 | (3.1) | 8.5 | (3.5) | 8.2 | (3.5) | |
| Control | 8.3 | (3.2) | 8.6 | (3.5) | 9.0 | (3.5) | 8.6 | (3.5) | |
| Student t test | .38 | .16 | .52 | .64 | |||||
| Mental fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 9.0 | (4.3) | 9.1 | (3.9) | 10.3 | (4.6) | 10.2 | (4.2) | |
| Control | 10.0 | (4.3) | 10.6 | (4.2) | 10.9 | (4.1) | 10.2 | (3.9) | |
| Student t test | .31 | .12 | .51 | .99 | |||||
| EORTC QLQ-C30 | |||||||||
| QoL | |||||||||
| Exercise | 60.8 | (18.8) | 64.2 | (20.3) | 53.8 | (19.9) | 61.7 | (22.2) | |
| Control | 55.6 | (21.6) | 62.7 | (23.2) | 47.3 | (18.1) | 57.1 | (17.3) | |
| Student t test | .25 | .77 | .13 | .30 | |||||
| Physical functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 74.5 | (15.4) | 75.2 | (18.5) | 63.3 | (22.5) | 73.7 | (19.6) | t1→ t3: .02** |
| Control | 71.0 | (24.5) | 76.0 | (23.8) | 53.5 | (25.1) | 63.5 | (22.2) | |
| Student t test | .45 | .86 | .07 | .03 | ** | ||||
| Role functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 52.5 | (28.1) | 53.8 | (31.9) | 31.7 | (29.4) | 45.0 | (28.5) | |
| Control | 53.8 | (35.7) | 56.3 | (36.9) | 33.3 | (34.8) | 43.8 | (32.8) | |
| Student t test | .86 | .75 | .82 | .87 | |||||
| Emotional functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 57.1 | (24.6) | 62.5 | (24.2) | 62.3 | (25.3) | 70.0 | (24.2) | |
| Control | 58.1 | (24.6) | 60.6 | (26.3) | 59.2 | (22.0) | 60.5 | (25.1) | |
| Student t test | .85 | .74 | .57 | .09 | |||||
| Cognitive functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 75.8 | (25.0) | 77.1 | (23.8) | 69.6 | (26.7) | 73.8 | (22.3) | |
| Control | 70.4 | (27.6) | 70.0 | (30.7) | 62.1 | (28.0) | 71.3 | (19.6) | |
| Student t test | .36 | .25 | .22 | .60 | |||||
| Social functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 50.0 | (30.7) | 49.6 | (32.1) | 43.8 | (31.3) | 49.2 | (32.5) | |
| Control | 49.6 | (33.2) | 53.8 | (31.5) | 42.1 | (29.2) | 46.7 | (29.3) | |
| Student t test | .95 | .56 | .81 | .72 | |||||
| Fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 45.0 | (24.4) | 39.2 | (26.3) | 60.3 | (28.5) | 49.7 | (28.9) | |
| Control | 46.1 | (32.2) | 41.4 | (31.2) | 66.4 | (27.4) | 60.8 | (29.2) | |
| Student t test | .86 | .73 | .33 | .09 | |||||
| Nausea and vomiting† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 9.6 | (16.8) | 7.1 | (13.6) | 24.2 | (31.8) | 13.8 | (22.3) | |
| Control | 10.4 | (19.1) | 8.8 | (19.2) | 27.1 | (28.2) | 19.2 | (26.6) | |
| Student t test | .84 | .66 | .67 | .33 | |||||
| Pain† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 23.8 | (28.2) | 29.6 | (29.6) | 32.1 | (32.8) | 25.0 | (31.8) | t1→ t3: < .01*** |
| Control | 25.8 | (33.3) | 20.0 | (27.8) | 35.4 | (29.3) | 35.8 | (28.9) | ANOVA: interaction (P = .04**) |
| Student t test | .76 | .14 | .63 | .12 | |||||
| Dyspnea† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 34.2 | (28.7) | 26.7 | (28.4) | 39.2 | (28.1) | 30.0 | (25.9) | |
| Control | 30.8 | (32.4) | 28.3 | (33.4) | 42.5 | (34.6) | 33.3 | (31.1) | |
| Student t test | .63 | .81 | .64 | .60 | |||||
| Insomnia† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 34.2 | (32.5) | 30.8 | (31.5) | 51.7 | (36.9) | 30.8 | (32.4) | |
| Control | 35.0 | (36.2) | 32.5 | (32.5) | 52.5 | (33.7) | 35.8 | (31.5) | |
| Student t test | .91 | .82 | .92 | .49 | |||||
| Appetite loss† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 22.5 | (28.6) | 15.0 | (27.2) | 48.3 | (38.5) | 31.7 | (35.4) | |
| Control | 24.2 | (31.1) | 21.7 | (33.4) | 60.0 | (30.4) | 42.5 | (37.7) | |
| Student t test | .80 | .33 | .14 | .19 | |||||
| Constipation† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 14.2 | (23.7) | 10.0 | (18.8) | 8.3 | (23.6) | 4.2 | (17.2) | |
| Control | 10.0 | (22.9) | 7.5 | (20.7) | 13.3 | (22.4) | 5.8 | (14.9) | |
| Student t test | .43 | .57 | .33 | .64 | |||||
| Diarrhea† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 12.5 | (22.3) | 9.2 | (22.6) | 15.8 | (28.2) | 10.8 | (25.5) | |
| Control | 20.8 | (32.7) | 17.5 | (23.9) | 24.2 | (32.9) | 18.3 | (27.2) | |
| Student t test | .19 | .11 | .23 | .21 | |||||
| HADS | |||||||||
| Anxiety† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 19.0 | (1.8) | 19.2 | (2.0) | 19.6 | (2.4) | 20.3 | (2.0) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Control | 19.3 | (2.2) | 19.2 | (2.3) | 19.5 | (1.6) | 19.0 | (2.5) | ANOVA: interaction (P ≤ .01***) |
| Student t test | .43 | .96 | .74 | .01 | ** | ||||
| Depression† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 15.8 | (1.4) | 15.4 | (1.5) | 15.1 | (2.0) | 15.6 | (1.7) | |
| Control | 16.3 | (1.4) | 16.1 | (1.6) | 15.8 | (2.1) | 16.4 | (2.3) | |
| Student t test | .16 | .05 | .15 | .07 | |||||
| POMS | |||||||||
| Depression† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 13.8 | (13.1) | 13.9 | (12.9) | 11.4 | (12.0) | 11.0 | (13.0) | t2→ t3: .04** |
| Control | 16.9 | (15.7) | 17.7 | (16.8) | 13.0 | (12.1) | 17.3 | (15.7) | |
| Student t test | .33 | .26 | .55 | .05 | |||||
| Vigor | |||||||||
| Exercise | 22.8 | (7.0) | 21.5 | (8.5) | 20.83 | (8.9) | 22.8 | (9.9) | |
| Control | 20.5 | (9.5) | 20.3 | (8.7) | 18.49 | (9.1) | 20.2 | (9.9) | |
| Student t test | .22 | .53 | .25 | .25 | |||||
| Fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 15.1 | (8.4) | 13.9 | (9.2) | 15.0 | (8.7) | 12.8 | (9.2) | t0→ t2: .03** |
| Control | 15.2 | (10.0) | 15.5 | (11.7) | 20.3 | (10.1) | 19.5 | (10.6) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Student t test | 0.96 | .48 | .01 | ** | < .01 | *** | ANOVA: interaction (P = 02**) | ||
| Anger/hostility† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 7.5 | (7.8) | 5.8 | (6.8) | 4.8 | (6.4) | 6.0 | (7.1) | t0→ t2: .02** |
| Control | 6.5 | (7.4) | 6.6 | (7.9) | 7.7 | (8.5) | 9.1 | (8.2) | t0→ t3: .02** |
| Student t test | .54 | .64 | .07 | .08 | ANOVA: interaction (P = .03**) | ||||
| NCCN distress thermometer | |||||||||
| Distress† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 4.6 | (2.2) | 4.2 | (1.9) | 3.4 | (2.2) | 3.2 | (2.2) | |
| Control | 4.8 | (2.9) | 4.3 | (3.0) | 4.6 | (2.8) | 4.0 | (2.6) | |
| Student t test | .83 | .93 | .05 | ** | .14 | ||||
| 6MWD | |||||||||
| Exercise | 539 | (88) | 553 | (87) | 472 | (88) | 538 | (80) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Control | 544 | (107) | 546 | (106) | 445 | (112) | 490 | (103) | ANOVA: interaction (P = .02**) |
| Student t test | .80 | .77 | .24 | .02 | ** | ||||
| Strength (upper extremities) | |||||||||
| Exercise | 152.7 | (46.8) | 155.5 | (50.6) | 134.7 | (48.9) | 132.3 | (36.8) | |
| Control | 155.4 | (54.7) | 154.5 | (51.0) | 127.0 | (44.0) | 124.9 | (46.2) | |
| Student t test | .814 | .931 | .469 | .44 | |||||
| Strength (lower extremities) | |||||||||
| Exercise | 185.5 | (54.8) | 192.7 | (65.9) | 168.8 | (61.0) | 167.8 | (49.5) | t0→ t2: .03** |
| Control | 186.7 | (63.2) | 186.7 | (61.9) | 149.3 | (52.1) | 149.3 | (58.7) | |
| Student t test | .93 | .68 | .13 | .14 | |||||
| Coordination (one-leg stand and balancing) | |||||||||
| Exercise | 5.8 | (2.2) | 5.7 | (2.0) | 4.9 | (2.2) | 5.4 | (2.3) | |
| Control | 5.4 | (2.7) | 5.2 | (2.4) | 3.9 | (2.6) | 4.5 | (2.9) | |
| Student t test | .54 | .25 | .10 | .15 | |||||
| Pedometer steps, n | |||||||||
| Exercise | 5131 | (2813) | —§ | — | 3342 | (1247) | |||
| Control | 5363 | (2615) | — | — | 3934 | (1894) | |||
| Student t test | .76 | .20 | |||||||
| . | t0 (medical checkup before HSCT) . | t1 (admission to hospital) . | t2 (discharge from hospital) . | t3 (6-8 weeks after discharge) . | Significant changes over time* . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFI | |||||||||
| General fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 12.0 | (4.0) | 11.2 | (4.2) | 12.7 | (3.6) | 11.0 | (4.1) | t0→ t2: .01*** |
| Control | 11.6 | (4.7) | 11.4 | (4.7) | 14.7 | (4.4) | 13.5 | (4.3) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Student t test | .72 | .82 | .03 | ** | < .01 | *** | ANOVA: interaction (P ≤ .01***)‡ | ||
| Physical fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 12.4 | (4.2) | 11.5 | (4.1) | 12.9 | (4.1) | 11.4 | (4.7) | t0→ t2: .02** |
| Control | 11.5 | (5.0) | 11.2 | (4.8) | 14.6 | (4.7) | 14.0 | (4.5) | t0→ t3: < .01** |
| Student t test | .41 | .78 | .08 | .01 | ** | ANOVA: interaction (P ≤ .01***)‡ | |||
| Reduced activation† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 10.6 | (4.2) | 10.8 | (4.2) | 12.9 | (4.1) | 12.0 | (4.5) | |
| Control | 11.4 | (4.9) | 11.5 | (4.1) | 13.5 | (4.2) | 12.5 | (4.1) | |
| Student t test | .40 | .47 | .52 | .60 | |||||
| Reduced motivation† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 7.7 | (3.1) | 7.5 | (3.1) | 8.5 | (3.5) | 8.2 | (3.5) | |
| Control | 8.3 | (3.2) | 8.6 | (3.5) | 9.0 | (3.5) | 8.6 | (3.5) | |
| Student t test | .38 | .16 | .52 | .64 | |||||
| Mental fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 9.0 | (4.3) | 9.1 | (3.9) | 10.3 | (4.6) | 10.2 | (4.2) | |
| Control | 10.0 | (4.3) | 10.6 | (4.2) | 10.9 | (4.1) | 10.2 | (3.9) | |
| Student t test | .31 | .12 | .51 | .99 | |||||
| EORTC QLQ-C30 | |||||||||
| QoL | |||||||||
| Exercise | 60.8 | (18.8) | 64.2 | (20.3) | 53.8 | (19.9) | 61.7 | (22.2) | |
| Control | 55.6 | (21.6) | 62.7 | (23.2) | 47.3 | (18.1) | 57.1 | (17.3) | |
| Student t test | .25 | .77 | .13 | .30 | |||||
| Physical functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 74.5 | (15.4) | 75.2 | (18.5) | 63.3 | (22.5) | 73.7 | (19.6) | t1→ t3: .02** |
| Control | 71.0 | (24.5) | 76.0 | (23.8) | 53.5 | (25.1) | 63.5 | (22.2) | |
| Student t test | .45 | .86 | .07 | .03 | ** | ||||
| Role functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 52.5 | (28.1) | 53.8 | (31.9) | 31.7 | (29.4) | 45.0 | (28.5) | |
| Control | 53.8 | (35.7) | 56.3 | (36.9) | 33.3 | (34.8) | 43.8 | (32.8) | |
| Student t test | .86 | .75 | .82 | .87 | |||||
| Emotional functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 57.1 | (24.6) | 62.5 | (24.2) | 62.3 | (25.3) | 70.0 | (24.2) | |
| Control | 58.1 | (24.6) | 60.6 | (26.3) | 59.2 | (22.0) | 60.5 | (25.1) | |
| Student t test | .85 | .74 | .57 | .09 | |||||
| Cognitive functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 75.8 | (25.0) | 77.1 | (23.8) | 69.6 | (26.7) | 73.8 | (22.3) | |
| Control | 70.4 | (27.6) | 70.0 | (30.7) | 62.1 | (28.0) | 71.3 | (19.6) | |
| Student t test | .36 | .25 | .22 | .60 | |||||
| Social functioning | |||||||||
| Exercise | 50.0 | (30.7) | 49.6 | (32.1) | 43.8 | (31.3) | 49.2 | (32.5) | |
| Control | 49.6 | (33.2) | 53.8 | (31.5) | 42.1 | (29.2) | 46.7 | (29.3) | |
| Student t test | .95 | .56 | .81 | .72 | |||||
| Fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 45.0 | (24.4) | 39.2 | (26.3) | 60.3 | (28.5) | 49.7 | (28.9) | |
| Control | 46.1 | (32.2) | 41.4 | (31.2) | 66.4 | (27.4) | 60.8 | (29.2) | |
| Student t test | .86 | .73 | .33 | .09 | |||||
| Nausea and vomiting† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 9.6 | (16.8) | 7.1 | (13.6) | 24.2 | (31.8) | 13.8 | (22.3) | |
| Control | 10.4 | (19.1) | 8.8 | (19.2) | 27.1 | (28.2) | 19.2 | (26.6) | |
| Student t test | .84 | .66 | .67 | .33 | |||||
| Pain† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 23.8 | (28.2) | 29.6 | (29.6) | 32.1 | (32.8) | 25.0 | (31.8) | t1→ t3: < .01*** |
| Control | 25.8 | (33.3) | 20.0 | (27.8) | 35.4 | (29.3) | 35.8 | (28.9) | ANOVA: interaction (P = .04**) |
| Student t test | .76 | .14 | .63 | .12 | |||||
| Dyspnea† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 34.2 | (28.7) | 26.7 | (28.4) | 39.2 | (28.1) | 30.0 | (25.9) | |
| Control | 30.8 | (32.4) | 28.3 | (33.4) | 42.5 | (34.6) | 33.3 | (31.1) | |
| Student t test | .63 | .81 | .64 | .60 | |||||
| Insomnia† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 34.2 | (32.5) | 30.8 | (31.5) | 51.7 | (36.9) | 30.8 | (32.4) | |
| Control | 35.0 | (36.2) | 32.5 | (32.5) | 52.5 | (33.7) | 35.8 | (31.5) | |
| Student t test | .91 | .82 | .92 | .49 | |||||
| Appetite loss† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 22.5 | (28.6) | 15.0 | (27.2) | 48.3 | (38.5) | 31.7 | (35.4) | |
| Control | 24.2 | (31.1) | 21.7 | (33.4) | 60.0 | (30.4) | 42.5 | (37.7) | |
| Student t test | .80 | .33 | .14 | .19 | |||||
| Constipation† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 14.2 | (23.7) | 10.0 | (18.8) | 8.3 | (23.6) | 4.2 | (17.2) | |
| Control | 10.0 | (22.9) | 7.5 | (20.7) | 13.3 | (22.4) | 5.8 | (14.9) | |
| Student t test | .43 | .57 | .33 | .64 | |||||
| Diarrhea† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 12.5 | (22.3) | 9.2 | (22.6) | 15.8 | (28.2) | 10.8 | (25.5) | |
| Control | 20.8 | (32.7) | 17.5 | (23.9) | 24.2 | (32.9) | 18.3 | (27.2) | |
| Student t test | .19 | .11 | .23 | .21 | |||||
| HADS | |||||||||
| Anxiety† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 19.0 | (1.8) | 19.2 | (2.0) | 19.6 | (2.4) | 20.3 | (2.0) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Control | 19.3 | (2.2) | 19.2 | (2.3) | 19.5 | (1.6) | 19.0 | (2.5) | ANOVA: interaction (P ≤ .01***) |
| Student t test | .43 | .96 | .74 | .01 | ** | ||||
| Depression† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 15.8 | (1.4) | 15.4 | (1.5) | 15.1 | (2.0) | 15.6 | (1.7) | |
| Control | 16.3 | (1.4) | 16.1 | (1.6) | 15.8 | (2.1) | 16.4 | (2.3) | |
| Student t test | .16 | .05 | .15 | .07 | |||||
| POMS | |||||||||
| Depression† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 13.8 | (13.1) | 13.9 | (12.9) | 11.4 | (12.0) | 11.0 | (13.0) | t2→ t3: .04** |
| Control | 16.9 | (15.7) | 17.7 | (16.8) | 13.0 | (12.1) | 17.3 | (15.7) | |
| Student t test | .33 | .26 | .55 | .05 | |||||
| Vigor | |||||||||
| Exercise | 22.8 | (7.0) | 21.5 | (8.5) | 20.83 | (8.9) | 22.8 | (9.9) | |
| Control | 20.5 | (9.5) | 20.3 | (8.7) | 18.49 | (9.1) | 20.2 | (9.9) | |
| Student t test | .22 | .53 | .25 | .25 | |||||
| Fatigue† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 15.1 | (8.4) | 13.9 | (9.2) | 15.0 | (8.7) | 12.8 | (9.2) | t0→ t2: .03** |
| Control | 15.2 | (10.0) | 15.5 | (11.7) | 20.3 | (10.1) | 19.5 | (10.6) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Student t test | 0.96 | .48 | .01 | ** | < .01 | *** | ANOVA: interaction (P = 02**) | ||
| Anger/hostility† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 7.5 | (7.8) | 5.8 | (6.8) | 4.8 | (6.4) | 6.0 | (7.1) | t0→ t2: .02** |
| Control | 6.5 | (7.4) | 6.6 | (7.9) | 7.7 | (8.5) | 9.1 | (8.2) | t0→ t3: .02** |
| Student t test | .54 | .64 | .07 | .08 | ANOVA: interaction (P = .03**) | ||||
| NCCN distress thermometer | |||||||||
| Distress† | |||||||||
| Exercise | 4.6 | (2.2) | 4.2 | (1.9) | 3.4 | (2.2) | 3.2 | (2.2) | |
| Control | 4.8 | (2.9) | 4.3 | (3.0) | 4.6 | (2.8) | 4.0 | (2.6) | |
| Student t test | .83 | .93 | .05 | ** | .14 | ||||
| 6MWD | |||||||||
| Exercise | 539 | (88) | 553 | (87) | 472 | (88) | 538 | (80) | t0→ t3: < .01*** |
| Control | 544 | (107) | 546 | (106) | 445 | (112) | 490 | (103) | ANOVA: interaction (P = .02**) |
| Student t test | .80 | .77 | .24 | .02 | ** | ||||
| Strength (upper extremities) | |||||||||
| Exercise | 152.7 | (46.8) | 155.5 | (50.6) | 134.7 | (48.9) | 132.3 | (36.8) | |
| Control | 155.4 | (54.7) | 154.5 | (51.0) | 127.0 | (44.0) | 124.9 | (46.2) | |
| Student t test | .814 | .931 | .469 | .44 | |||||
| Strength (lower extremities) | |||||||||
| Exercise | 185.5 | (54.8) | 192.7 | (65.9) | 168.8 | (61.0) | 167.8 | (49.5) | t0→ t2: .03** |
| Control | 186.7 | (63.2) | 186.7 | (61.9) | 149.3 | (52.1) | 149.3 | (58.7) | |
| Student t test | .93 | .68 | .13 | .14 | |||||
| Coordination (one-leg stand and balancing) | |||||||||
| Exercise | 5.8 | (2.2) | 5.7 | (2.0) | 4.9 | (2.2) | 5.4 | (2.3) | |
| Control | 5.4 | (2.7) | 5.2 | (2.4) | 3.9 | (2.6) | 4.5 | (2.9) | |
| Student t test | .54 | .25 | .10 | .15 | |||||
| Pedometer steps, n | |||||||||
| Exercise | 5131 | (2813) | —§ | — | 3342 | (1247) | |||
| Control | 5363 | (2615) | — | — | 3934 | (1894) | |||
| Student t test | .76 | .20 | |||||||
Data are mean (SD).
MFI indicates Multidimensional Fatigue Index; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire; NCCN, National Comprehensive Cancer Network; and ANOVA, analysis of variance
Comparisons of measurement point differences between groups (Student t test) and/or ANOVA effects (time by group); **, significant; ***, highly significant.
Lower scores are beneficial.
Statistically significant after Bonferroni correction.
No assessment during hospitalization.