Table 2. Clinical impact of noninvasive... | American Society of Hematology

Table 2.

Clinical impact of noninvasive disease detection at distinct disease milestones in myeloid malignancies

Diagnosis	Precancerous condition	Diagnosis/pretreatment	During therapy	Posttreatment/surveillance	Relapse/progression
AML	Healthy PBMC: harbor age-dependent aberrations associated with overt AML/MDS^138-142	CTC or malignant BM cell: genotyping defines molecular prognostic factors^150,151; genotyping might identify therapeutic targets (eg, FLT3)^151,152	CTC or malignant BM cell: positivity and kinetics during therapy predict risk of relapse^155,157	CTC or malignant BM cell: positivity postinduction and postconsolidation predicts clinical outcome^{156,157,161,164}	CTC or malignant BM cell: profiling identifies emergent clones at relapse¹⁶³; profiling identifies relapse¹⁶¹
CML			CTC or malignant BM cell: BCR-ABL1 levels predict clinical outcome^168-170; profiling identifies resistance mutations^{176,177,180,181}		CTC or malignant BM cell: rising BCR-ABL1 levels indicate progression¹⁷⁸
MPN		CTC or malignant BM cell: genotyping is part of diagnostic criteria¹⁸⁹		CTC or malignant BM cell: levels predict clinical outcome^190,191

Diagnosis	Precancerous condition	Diagnosis/pretreatment	During therapy	Posttreatment/surveillance	Relapse/progression
AML	Healthy PBMC: harbor age-dependent aberrations associated with overt AML/MDS^138-142	CTC or malignant BM cell: genotyping defines molecular prognostic factors^150,151; genotyping might identify therapeutic targets (eg, FLT3)^151,152	CTC or malignant BM cell: positivity and kinetics during therapy predict risk of relapse^155,157	CTC or malignant BM cell: positivity postinduction and postconsolidation predicts clinical outcome^{156,157,161,164}	CTC or malignant BM cell: profiling identifies emergent clones at relapse¹⁶³; profiling identifies relapse¹⁶¹
CML			CTC or malignant BM cell: BCR-ABL1 levels predict clinical outcome^168-170; profiling identifies resistance mutations^{176,177,180,181}		CTC or malignant BM cell: rising BCR-ABL1 levels indicate progression¹⁷⁸
MPN		CTC or malignant BM cell: genotyping is part of diagnostic criteria¹⁸⁹		CTC or malignant BM cell: levels predict clinical outcome^190,191

Role of PBMC, CTC, ctDNA, and BM cell profiling for detection of premalignant states in healthy individuals, identification of clinically relevant biomarkers, and prediction of outcome in myeloid malignancies at distinct disease milestones.

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