Galectins and cytokines reciprocal regulation
| Galectin . | Effect on cytokines . | Source of cytokine . | Clinical consequence . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galectin-1 | ↑ IL-10 | T cells | In vitro data | 12 |
| CLL | Low survival | 17 | ||
| DCs | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE) | 11 | ||
| ↑ IL-5 | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (RA) | 13 | |
| ↑ CCL3 | CLL | Low overall survival | 17 | |
| ↑ CCL2 | MM | High tumor growth and angiogenesis | 18 | |
| ↑ MMP9 | MM | High tumor growth and angiogenesis | 18 | |
| ↓ IFN-γ | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (RA, hepatitis, colitis) | 12,,-15 | |
| DCs | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE) | 11 | ||
| ↓ IL-2 | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (RA) | 13 | |
| ↓ CXCL10 | MM | High tumor growth and angiogenesis | 18 | |
| ↓ TNF-α | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (hepatitis, colitis) | 14,15 | |
| ↓ IL-1b | — | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (colitis) | 15 | |
| ↓ IL-12 | — | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE and colitis) | 11,15 | |
| ↓ IL-17 | DCs | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE) | 11 | |
| Galectin-2 | ↑ IL-6 | Endothelial cells | — | 24 |
| ↑ G-CSF | ||||
| Galectin-3 | ↑ IL-6 | BMMSCs | Neuroblastoma survival, angiogenesis, and immune tolerance | 30 |
| Endothelial cells | Metastasis of colon cancer | 26 | ||
| ↑ IL-8 | PDAC | High tumor growth and metastasis | 25 | |
| ↑ CCL2 | ||||
| ↑ CXCL1 | ||||
| ↑ G-CSF | Endothelial cells | Metastasis of colon cancer | 26 | |
| ✖ IFN-γ signaling | Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial infections | 45 | ||
| ✖ IFN-γ diffusion | High tumor growth and lower T-cell infiltration | 46 | ||
| ✖ IL-12 diffusion | In vitro data | |||
| Galectin-4 | ↓ CCL2 | Colorectal cancer cell lines | Low colorectal tumor proliferation | 37 |
| ↓ CCL5 | ||||
| ↓ IL-6 | T cells | In vitro data | 36 | |
| ↓ IL-8 | ||||
| ↓ IL-10 | ||||
| ↓ TNF-α | ||||
| Galectin-7 | ↑ MMP9 | Lymphoma | High metastatic capacity | 59 |
| Galectin-9 | ↓ IFN-γ | T cells (AML) | Disease progression and low survival rate for a mouse model | 40 * |
| ↓ TNF-α | ||||
| ↓ IL-2 | ||||
| ↑ TNF-α | Myeloid cells | Greater severity of EAE mouse model | 68 | |
| ↑ IFN-γ | NKs | In vitro data | 69 | |
| ↓ IFN-γ | NKs (AML) | in vitro data | 39 | |
| Galectin . | Effect on cytokines . | Source of cytokine . | Clinical consequence . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galectin-1 | ↑ IL-10 | T cells | In vitro data | 12 |
| CLL | Low survival | 17 | ||
| DCs | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE) | 11 | ||
| ↑ IL-5 | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (RA) | 13 | |
| ↑ CCL3 | CLL | Low overall survival | 17 | |
| ↑ CCL2 | MM | High tumor growth and angiogenesis | 18 | |
| ↑ MMP9 | MM | High tumor growth and angiogenesis | 18 | |
| ↓ IFN-γ | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (RA, hepatitis, colitis) | 12,,-15 | |
| DCs | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE) | 11 | ||
| ↓ IL-2 | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (RA) | 13 | |
| ↓ CXCL10 | MM | High tumor growth and angiogenesis | 18 | |
| ↓ TNF-α | T cells | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (hepatitis, colitis) | 14,15 | |
| ↓ IL-1b | — | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (colitis) | 15 | |
| ↓ IL-12 | — | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE and colitis) | 11,15 | |
| ↓ IL-17 | DCs | Protective for autoimmune mouse model (EAE) | 11 | |
| Galectin-2 | ↑ IL-6 | Endothelial cells | — | 24 |
| ↑ G-CSF | ||||
| Galectin-3 | ↑ IL-6 | BMMSCs | Neuroblastoma survival, angiogenesis, and immune tolerance | 30 |
| Endothelial cells | Metastasis of colon cancer | 26 | ||
| ↑ IL-8 | PDAC | High tumor growth and metastasis | 25 | |
| ↑ CCL2 | ||||
| ↑ CXCL1 | ||||
| ↑ G-CSF | Endothelial cells | Metastasis of colon cancer | 26 | |
| ✖ IFN-γ signaling | Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial infections | 45 | ||
| ✖ IFN-γ diffusion | High tumor growth and lower T-cell infiltration | 46 | ||
| ✖ IL-12 diffusion | In vitro data | |||
| Galectin-4 | ↓ CCL2 | Colorectal cancer cell lines | Low colorectal tumor proliferation | 37 |
| ↓ CCL5 | ||||
| ↓ IL-6 | T cells | In vitro data | 36 | |
| ↓ IL-8 | ||||
| ↓ IL-10 | ||||
| ↓ TNF-α | ||||
| Galectin-7 | ↑ MMP9 | Lymphoma | High metastatic capacity | 59 |
| Galectin-9 | ↓ IFN-γ | T cells (AML) | Disease progression and low survival rate for a mouse model | 40 * |
| ↓ TNF-α | ||||
| ↓ IL-2 | ||||
| ↑ TNF-α | Myeloid cells | Greater severity of EAE mouse model | 68 | |
| ↑ IFN-γ | NKs | In vitro data | 69 | |
| ↓ IFN-γ | NKs (AML) | in vitro data | 39 | |
| Cytokine . | Effect on galectins . | Source of galectins . | Clinical consequence . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α/IFN-γ | ↑ Galectin-9 | MSC | In vitro data | 47 |
| IL-10 | ↑ Galectin-3 binding | — | CD8 T cell higher threshold for activation | 50 |
| Cytokine . | Effect on galectins . | Source of galectins . | Clinical consequence . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α/IFN-γ | ↑ Galectin-9 | MSC | In vitro data | 47 |
| IL-10 | ↑ Galectin-3 binding | — | CD8 T cell higher threshold for activation | 50 |
BMMSC, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; NK, natural killer, PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; RA, rheumatoid arthritis. ↑, upregulation; ↓, downregulation; ✖, blocking.
This effect might be Tim-3 mediated and galectin-9 independent.