Factors previously reported to be associated with poor outcomes in patients with MM at presentation
Demographic and treatment-related factors |
| Age ≥ 70 years1 |
| Increasing number of chemotherapy regimens*2 |
| Duration of standard-dose therapy > 12 months3 |
| Tumor-associated factors |
| High plasma-cell proliferation rate (plasma-cell labeling index)1,4 |
| Bone marrow plasma-cell infiltration ≥ 50%*1 |
| Type of myeloma: IgA isotype3,5 |
| Cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly abnormalities in chromosome 11 or 13, translocations, and hypodiploidy3,5,6 |
| Increased microvessel density*7 |
| Abnormalities in laboratory measurements |
| Thrombocytopenia (<150 000 × 109/L)1,2,8,12 |
| High serum creatinine1,2,12 |
| Hypoalbuminemia4,9 |
| Anemia (hemoglobin concentration <100 g/L [10 g/dL])*10,12 |
| High C-reactive protein concentration3 |
| High serum β2-microglobulin concentration1-5,8,9,11 |
Demographic and treatment-related factors |
| Age ≥ 70 years1 |
| Increasing number of chemotherapy regimens*2 |
| Duration of standard-dose therapy > 12 months3 |
| Tumor-associated factors |
| High plasma-cell proliferation rate (plasma-cell labeling index)1,4 |
| Bone marrow plasma-cell infiltration ≥ 50%*1 |
| Type of myeloma: IgA isotype3,5 |
| Cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly abnormalities in chromosome 11 or 13, translocations, and hypodiploidy3,5,6 |
| Increased microvessel density*7 |
| Abnormalities in laboratory measurements |
| Thrombocytopenia (<150 000 × 109/L)1,2,8,12 |
| High serum creatinine1,2,12 |
| Hypoalbuminemia4,9 |
| Anemia (hemoglobin concentration <100 g/L [10 g/dL])*10,12 |
| High C-reactive protein concentration3 |
| High serum β2-microglobulin concentration1-5,8,9,11 |
Significant in univariate analysis only.