Identification of Homocysteine-Respondent Genes Using cDNA Microarrays in Primary HUVECs Exposed to 5 mmol/L Homocysteine for 4 or 18 Hours
| Known Human Gene . | Relative Change in Gene Expression* . | Function . |
|---|---|---|
| 5 mmol/L Homocysteine, 4 h | ||
| GADD153†,‡ | ↑↑↑ | Growth arrest |
| GADD45†,‡ | ↑↑ | Growth arrest |
| ATF-4† | ↑↑ | Transcription factor |
| DNA-binding protein inhibitor Id-1‡ | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) | ↑ | Cholesterol biosynthesis |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G-S | ↑ | DNA-binding protein |
| YY1†,‡ | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| Glutathione peroxidase1-153 | ↓↓↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| fos-related antigen 2 (FRA-2)‡ | ↓↓ | Transcription factor |
| Natural killer–enhancing factor β (NKEFB)1-153 | ↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| Proliferation-associated glycoprotein (PAG)1-153 | ↓↓ | Antioxidative protein |
| Superoxide dismutase1-153 | ↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| Cyclin D1 (G1/S-specific)‡ | ↓ | Cell cycle control |
| Clusterin4 | ↓ | Multifunctional glycoprotein |
| ATP-dependent DNA helicase | ↓ | DNA synthesis/repair |
| 5 mmol/L homocysteine, 18 h | ||
| GADD153 | ↑ | Growth arrest |
| GADD45 | ↑ | Growth arrest |
| ATF-4 | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| SREBP | ↑ | Cholesterol biosynthesis |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G-S | ↑ | DNA-binding protein |
| Transcription factor ETR103 | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| Superoxide dismutase | ↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| ATP-dependent DNA helicase | ↓ | DNA synthesis/repair |
| Known Human Gene . | Relative Change in Gene Expression* . | Function . |
|---|---|---|
| 5 mmol/L Homocysteine, 4 h | ||
| GADD153†,‡ | ↑↑↑ | Growth arrest |
| GADD45†,‡ | ↑↑ | Growth arrest |
| ATF-4† | ↑↑ | Transcription factor |
| DNA-binding protein inhibitor Id-1‡ | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) | ↑ | Cholesterol biosynthesis |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G-S | ↑ | DNA-binding protein |
| YY1†,‡ | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| Glutathione peroxidase1-153 | ↓↓↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| fos-related antigen 2 (FRA-2)‡ | ↓↓ | Transcription factor |
| Natural killer–enhancing factor β (NKEFB)1-153 | ↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| Proliferation-associated glycoprotein (PAG)1-153 | ↓↓ | Antioxidative protein |
| Superoxide dismutase1-153 | ↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| Cyclin D1 (G1/S-specific)‡ | ↓ | Cell cycle control |
| Clusterin4 | ↓ | Multifunctional glycoprotein |
| ATP-dependent DNA helicase | ↓ | DNA synthesis/repair |
| 5 mmol/L homocysteine, 18 h | ||
| GADD153 | ↑ | Growth arrest |
| GADD45 | ↑ | Growth arrest |
| ATF-4 | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| SREBP | ↑ | Cholesterol biosynthesis |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G-S | ↑ | DNA-binding protein |
| Transcription factor ETR103 | ↑ | Transcription factor |
| Superoxide dismutase | ↓ | Antioxidant enzyme |
| ATP-dependent DNA helicase | ↓ | DNA synthesis/repair |
Relative gene expression levels were determined by normalizing the hybridization signals to the signals obtained from the housekeeping genes included on the cDNA array. Results represent the averages of 2 independent hybridization experiments. ↑↑↑, >10-fold inductionv wild type; ↑↑, 5- to 10-fold induction v wild type; ↑, 2- to 5-fold induction v wild type; ↓↓↓, >10-fold downregulation v wild type; ↓↓, 5- to 10-fold downregulation v wild type; ↓, 2- to 5-fold downregulationv wild type.
ER stress response genes.
Cell growth and differentiation genes.
Oxidative stress response genes.