Immunophenotypic markers currently used to study MRD in children with ALL
| ALL lineage . | Phenotype . | Frequency (%)* . |
|---|---|---|
| B-lineage | CD19/CD34/CD10/TdT† | 30-50 |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD22† | 20-30 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD38† | 30-50 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD45† | 30-50 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD13 | 10-20 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD15 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD33 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD65 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD21 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD56 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD66c | 10-20 | |
| CD19/CD34/TdT/cytoplasmic† | 10-20 | |
| CD19/7.1 | 3-5 | |
| CD19/p53 | 3-5 | |
| T-lineage | TdT/CD3 | 90-95 |
| CD34/CD3 | 30-50 |
| ALL lineage . | Phenotype . | Frequency (%)* . |
|---|---|---|
| B-lineage | CD19/CD34/CD10/TdT† | 30-50 |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD22† | 20-30 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD38† | 30-50 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD45† | 30-50 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD13 | 10-20 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD15 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD33 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD65 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD21 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD56 | 5-10 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD66c | 10-20 | |
| CD19/CD34/TdT/cytoplasmic† | 10-20 | |
| CD19/7.1 | 3-5 | |
| CD19/p53 | 3-5 | |
| T-lineage | TdT/CD3 | 90-95 |
| CD34/CD3 | 30-50 |
MRD, minimal residual disease; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Proportion of childhood ALL cases in which one leukemic cell in 104 normal bone marrow cells can be detected with the listed immunophenotypic combination. Most cases express more than one combination suitable for MRD studies.3
The use of these immunophenotypes for MRD studies relies mainly on differences in intensities of expression between leukemic lymphoblasts and normal lymphoid progenitor cells. The remaining combinations rely mainly on the aberrant expression of one of the markers.3