Mechanisms and effectors of ferritin regulation
| Mechanism . | Effector . |
|---|---|
| Transcriptional regulation | TNF, cAMP, hematopoetic differentiation, iron, oxidative stress, chemopreventive agents,c-myc, E1A |
| Posttranscriptional regulation via modulation of IRP proteins | Iron, phorbol ester, nitric oxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, hypoxia-reoxygenation |
| Posttranscriptional regulation independent of IRP, including mRNA stability and protein stability | IL-1β, phorbol ester, hemin |
| Release of iron from sequestered intracellular compartments (including ferritin itself)—“secondary” iron regulation | Oxidant stress (GSH depletion, menadione) |
| Mechanism . | Effector . |
|---|---|
| Transcriptional regulation | TNF, cAMP, hematopoetic differentiation, iron, oxidative stress, chemopreventive agents,c-myc, E1A |
| Posttranscriptional regulation via modulation of IRP proteins | Iron, phorbol ester, nitric oxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, hypoxia-reoxygenation |
| Posttranscriptional regulation independent of IRP, including mRNA stability and protein stability | IL-1β, phorbol ester, hemin |
| Release of iron from sequestered intracellular compartments (including ferritin itself)—“secondary” iron regulation | Oxidant stress (GSH depletion, menadione) |
Mechanisms of ferritin regulation described in the literature. These are not mutually exclusive; examples are illustrative and not exhaustive. See text for references.
TNF indicates tumor necrosis factor; IRP, iron regulatory protein; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; GSH, glutathione.