Factors influencing perioperative anticoagulant management.
| Risk of thromboembolism without anticoagulation |
| During the preoperative period |
| During the postoperative period |
| Risk reduction for thromboembolism with: |
| Oral anticoagulation |
| Unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) |
| Incremental risk of bleeding with UFH or LMWH bridging therapy: |
| During the preoperative period |
| During the postoperative period |
| Consequences of thromboembolism (venous or arterial) |
| Consequences of bleeding |
| Patient preference (e.g., fear of thromboembolism or bleeding) |
| Cost of UFH or LMWH bridging therapy |
| Risk of thromboembolism without anticoagulation |
| During the preoperative period |
| During the postoperative period |
| Risk reduction for thromboembolism with: |
| Oral anticoagulation |
| Unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) |
| Incremental risk of bleeding with UFH or LMWH bridging therapy: |
| During the preoperative period |
| During the postoperative period |
| Consequences of thromboembolism (venous or arterial) |
| Consequences of bleeding |
| Patient preference (e.g., fear of thromboembolism or bleeding) |
| Cost of UFH or LMWH bridging therapy |