Proteins regulated at the translational level by negative regulatory elements in the 5′-UTR of mRNA
| Translational control mechanism . | Specific regulation . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Stable stem-loop structures that interfere with initiation of translation | ||
| PDGF2 | IRES | 7, 8 |
| TGF-β1 | 9 | |
| Ornithine decarboxylase | 10, 11 | |
| Stem-loop structures that may be stabilized by mRNA-binding proteins | ||
| Ferritin (H- and L-subunit) | IRPs | 12, 13 |
| Transferrin receptor | IRPs | |
| Erythroid-specific δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2) | IRPs | |
| DMT1 (or Nramp 2) | IRPs | 14 |
| IGF-II | IMPs and IRES | 15, 16 |
| APP | 17 | |
| uORFs that repress translation | ||
| TPO | 18 | |
| IL-7 | 19 | |
| IL-15 | 20, 21 | |
| TGF-β3 | 22, 23 | |
| VEGF | IRES | 24 |
| Bcl-2 | 25 | |
| p18(INK4c) | 26 | |
| uORF-encoded peptides that inhibit translation | ||
| S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase | 27 | |
| β2-adrenergic receptor | 28, 29 | |
| Alternative in frame initiation codons | ||
| C/EBPα | 30 | |
| C/EBPβ (LIP and LAP) | 31 | |
| int-2 | 32 | |
| bFGF | IRES | 33, 34, 35 |
| c-myc | IRES | 36, 37, 38 |
| pim-1 | 39 | |
| BAG-1 | 40, 41 |
| Translational control mechanism . | Specific regulation . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Stable stem-loop structures that interfere with initiation of translation | ||
| PDGF2 | IRES | 7, 8 |
| TGF-β1 | 9 | |
| Ornithine decarboxylase | 10, 11 | |
| Stem-loop structures that may be stabilized by mRNA-binding proteins | ||
| Ferritin (H- and L-subunit) | IRPs | 12, 13 |
| Transferrin receptor | IRPs | |
| Erythroid-specific δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2) | IRPs | |
| DMT1 (or Nramp 2) | IRPs | 14 |
| IGF-II | IMPs and IRES | 15, 16 |
| APP | 17 | |
| uORFs that repress translation | ||
| TPO | 18 | |
| IL-7 | 19 | |
| IL-15 | 20, 21 | |
| TGF-β3 | 22, 23 | |
| VEGF | IRES | 24 |
| Bcl-2 | 25 | |
| p18(INK4c) | 26 | |
| uORF-encoded peptides that inhibit translation | ||
| S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase | 27 | |
| β2-adrenergic receptor | 28, 29 | |
| Alternative in frame initiation codons | ||
| C/EBPα | 30 | |
| C/EBPβ (LIP and LAP) | 31 | |
| int-2 | 32 | |
| bFGF | IRES | 33, 34, 35 |
| c-myc | IRES | 36, 37, 38 |
| pim-1 | 39 | |
| BAG-1 | 40, 41 |
UTR indicates untranslated region; mRNA, messenger RNA; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; ALAS2, δ-aminolevulinate synthase; DMT, dimethyltryptamine; IGF, insulinlike growth factor; APP, amyloid precursor protein; uORF, upstream open reading frame; TPO, thrombopoietin; IL, interleukin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; LIP, liver inhibitory protein; LAP, liver activator protein; IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; IRPs, iron regulatory proteins; IMPs, IGF II mRNA binding proteins.