Risk factors associated with first bleeding event among patients with SCD in California, 1991 to 2014
| Variables . | Any bleeding . | Intracranial hemorrhage . | Gastrointestinal bleed . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR . | 95% CI . | P . | HR . | 95% CI . | P . | HR . | 95% CI . | P . | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 1.26 | 1.13-1.42 | <.0001 | 0.81 | 0.60-1.11 | .193 | 1.00 | 0.86-1.18 | .954 |
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| African American | Reference | ||||||||
| Non–African American | 0.92 | 0.75-1.12 | .383 | 0.65 | 0.33-1.26 | .2035 | 1.07 | 0.80-1.42 | .6481 |
| Hospitalization frequency | |||||||||
| Less frequent | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Frequent | 1.87 | 1.67-2.09 | <.0001 | 1.17 | 0.85-1.62 | .332 | 2.16 | 1.82-2.56 | <.0001 |
| SCD complications | |||||||||
| Venous thrombosis/upper extremity* | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| VTE <180 d prior of bleeding | 4.24 | 2.86-6.28 | <.0001 | 4.82 | 1.72-13.45 | .0027 | 3.19 | 1.80-5.66 | <.0001 |
| VTE ≥180 d prior of bleeding | 1.41 | 1.16-1.72 | .0006 | 1.14 | 0.68-1.91 | .6188 | 1.21 | 0.92-1.58 | .1709 |
| Prior bleeding* | |||||||||
| Yes | NA | 0.91 | 0.56-1.47 | .6946 | 1.62 | 1.26-2.09 | .0002 | ||
| No | NA | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| ONFH* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.25 | 1.08-1.46 | .0034 | 0.81 | 0.52-1.26 | .3425 | 1.25 | 1.02-1.54 | .0345 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Ischemic stroke* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.65 | 1.20-2.26 | .0022 | 6.63 | 4.06-10.82 | <.0001 | 1.25 | 0.83-1.89 | .2882 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Pneumonia/ACS* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.23 | 1.09-1.40 | .0012 | 1.47 | 1.02-2.11 | .0385 | 1.23 | 1.03-1.47 | .0197 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Renal failure* | |||||||||
| Yes | 2.18 | 1.76-2.70 | <.0001 | 2.31 | 1.31-4.06 | .0038 | 2.23 | 1.71-2.90 | <.0001 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Liver failure* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.82 | 1.50-2.22 | <.0001 | 1.72 | 1.04-2.85 | .0347 | 1.92 | 1.49-2.47 | <.0001 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Variables . | Any bleeding . | Intracranial hemorrhage . | Gastrointestinal bleed . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR . | 95% CI . | P . | HR . | 95% CI . | P . | HR . | 95% CI . | P . | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 1.26 | 1.13-1.42 | <.0001 | 0.81 | 0.60-1.11 | .193 | 1.00 | 0.86-1.18 | .954 |
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| African American | Reference | ||||||||
| Non–African American | 0.92 | 0.75-1.12 | .383 | 0.65 | 0.33-1.26 | .2035 | 1.07 | 0.80-1.42 | .6481 |
| Hospitalization frequency | |||||||||
| Less frequent | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Frequent | 1.87 | 1.67-2.09 | <.0001 | 1.17 | 0.85-1.62 | .332 | 2.16 | 1.82-2.56 | <.0001 |
| SCD complications | |||||||||
| Venous thrombosis/upper extremity* | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| VTE <180 d prior of bleeding | 4.24 | 2.86-6.28 | <.0001 | 4.82 | 1.72-13.45 | .0027 | 3.19 | 1.80-5.66 | <.0001 |
| VTE ≥180 d prior of bleeding | 1.41 | 1.16-1.72 | .0006 | 1.14 | 0.68-1.91 | .6188 | 1.21 | 0.92-1.58 | .1709 |
| Prior bleeding* | |||||||||
| Yes | NA | 0.91 | 0.56-1.47 | .6946 | 1.62 | 1.26-2.09 | .0002 | ||
| No | NA | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| ONFH* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.25 | 1.08-1.46 | .0034 | 0.81 | 0.52-1.26 | .3425 | 1.25 | 1.02-1.54 | .0345 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Ischemic stroke* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.65 | 1.20-2.26 | .0022 | 6.63 | 4.06-10.82 | <.0001 | 1.25 | 0.83-1.89 | .2882 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Pneumonia/ACS* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.23 | 1.09-1.40 | .0012 | 1.47 | 1.02-2.11 | .0385 | 1.23 | 1.03-1.47 | .0197 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Renal failure* | |||||||||
| Yes | 2.18 | 1.76-2.70 | <.0001 | 2.31 | 1.31-4.06 | .0038 | 2.23 | 1.71-2.90 | <.0001 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Liver failure* | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.82 | 1.50-2.22 | <.0001 | 1.72 | 1.04-2.85 | .0347 | 1.92 | 1.49-2.47 | <.0001 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
*Adjusted for competing risk for death, age, and year at entry into the SCD cohort.