Patient characteristics
| . | Prebiotics group (n = 49) . | Historical control group (n = 142) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | .179 | ||
| Male | 24 (49) | 87 (61) | |
| Female | 25 (51) | 55 (39) | |
| Age, y | .235 | ||
| <55 | 34 (69) | 84 (59) | |
| ≥55 | 15 (31) | 58 (41) | |
| Primary disease | .217 | ||
| AML | 25 (51) | 70 (49) | |
| ALL | 10 (20) | 25 (18) | |
| MDS | 4 (8) | 28 (20) | |
| Others | 10 (20) | 19 (13) | |
| Disease risk* | .250 | ||
| Low risk | 28 (57) | 67 (47) | |
| High risk | 21 (43 | 75 (53) | |
| No. of transplantations | .803 | ||
| 1 | 44 (90) | 123 (87) | |
| ≥2 | 5 (10) | 19 (13) | |
| Donor sex | .216 | ||
| Male | 37 (76) | 92 (65) | |
| Female | 12 (24) | 50 (35) | |
| Donor-recipient sex | .028 | ||
| Female to male | 2 (4) | 24 (17) | |
| Others | 47 (96) | 118 (83) | |
| HLA disparity (X/6) | .295 | ||
| 0 | 19 (39) | 66 (46) | |
| 1 | 14 (29) | 40 (28) | |
| 2 | 9 (18) | 12 (8) | |
| ≥3 | 7 (14) | 24 (17) | |
| Allo-HSCT type | .309 | ||
| rPBSCT | 6 (12) | 18 (13) | |
| rBMT | 2 (4) | 3 (2) | |
| uPBSCT | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
| uBMT | 21 (43) | 77 (54) | |
| CBT | 8 (16) | 15 (11) | |
| Haplo (PT-CY) | 6 (12) | 6 (4) | |
| Haplo (ATG+steroid) | 6 (12) | 21 (15) | |
| Conditioning | .095 | ||
| MAC | 33 (67) | 75 (53) | |
| RIC | 16 (33) | 67 (47) | |
| ATG | .819 | ||
| Yes | 8 (16) | 21 (15) | |
| No | 41 (84) | 121 (85) | |
| TBI | .522 | ||
| Yes | 42 (86) | 115 (81) | |
| No | 7 (14) | 27 (19) | |
| GVHD prophylaxis | .665 | ||
| CsA-based | 10 (20) | 24 (17) | |
| FK-based | 39 (80) | 118 (83) | |
| Use of antibiotics with relatively high anti-anaerobe activity (from conditioning to day 28)† | <.001 | ||
| None | 13 (27) | 25 (18) | |
| 1 line | 26 (53) | 110 (73) | |
| 2 lines | 10 (20) | 6 (4) |
| . | Prebiotics group (n = 49) . | Historical control group (n = 142) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | .179 | ||
| Male | 24 (49) | 87 (61) | |
| Female | 25 (51) | 55 (39) | |
| Age, y | .235 | ||
| <55 | 34 (69) | 84 (59) | |
| ≥55 | 15 (31) | 58 (41) | |
| Primary disease | .217 | ||
| AML | 25 (51) | 70 (49) | |
| ALL | 10 (20) | 25 (18) | |
| MDS | 4 (8) | 28 (20) | |
| Others | 10 (20) | 19 (13) | |
| Disease risk* | .250 | ||
| Low risk | 28 (57) | 67 (47) | |
| High risk | 21 (43 | 75 (53) | |
| No. of transplantations | .803 | ||
| 1 | 44 (90) | 123 (87) | |
| ≥2 | 5 (10) | 19 (13) | |
| Donor sex | .216 | ||
| Male | 37 (76) | 92 (65) | |
| Female | 12 (24) | 50 (35) | |
| Donor-recipient sex | .028 | ||
| Female to male | 2 (4) | 24 (17) | |
| Others | 47 (96) | 118 (83) | |
| HLA disparity (X/6) | .295 | ||
| 0 | 19 (39) | 66 (46) | |
| 1 | 14 (29) | 40 (28) | |
| 2 | 9 (18) | 12 (8) | |
| ≥3 | 7 (14) | 24 (17) | |
| Allo-HSCT type | .309 | ||
| rPBSCT | 6 (12) | 18 (13) | |
| rBMT | 2 (4) | 3 (2) | |
| uPBSCT | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
| uBMT | 21 (43) | 77 (54) | |
| CBT | 8 (16) | 15 (11) | |
| Haplo (PT-CY) | 6 (12) | 6 (4) | |
| Haplo (ATG+steroid) | 6 (12) | 21 (15) | |
| Conditioning | .095 | ||
| MAC | 33 (67) | 75 (53) | |
| RIC | 16 (33) | 67 (47) | |
| ATG | .819 | ||
| Yes | 8 (16) | 21 (15) | |
| No | 41 (84) | 121 (85) | |
| TBI | .522 | ||
| Yes | 42 (86) | 115 (81) | |
| No | 7 (14) | 27 (19) | |
| GVHD prophylaxis | .665 | ||
| CsA-based | 10 (20) | 24 (17) | |
| FK-based | 39 (80) | 118 (83) | |
| Use of antibiotics with relatively high anti-anaerobe activity (from conditioning to day 28)† | <.001 | ||
| None | 13 (27) | 25 (18) | |
| 1 line | 26 (53) | 110 (73) | |
| 2 lines | 10 (20) | 6 (4) |
Data are expressed as number of patients (percentage of subgroup).
ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; ATG, antithymocyte globulin; BMT, bone marrow transplantation; CBT, cord blood transplantation; CsA, cyclosporine; Haplo, haploidentical transplantation; MAC, myeloablative conditioning; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; PT-CY, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide; RIC, reduced-intensity conditioning; rPBSCT, related peripheral blood stem cell transplantation; uPBSCT, unrelated PBSCT.
Low-risk disease included acute leukemia in the first complete remission (CR), ronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the first chronic phase, MDS in refractory anemia, malignant lymphoma in CR, and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. All other diagnoses and second allo-HSCT were included in high-risk disease.
Antibiotics with relatively high antianaerobic activity: meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, and piperacillin-tazobactam. The other antibiotics were third- and fourth-generation cephems, polypeptides, quinolones, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and aztreonam.