Transcriptional profile of MRD clones. (A) Volcano plot based on RNA-seq of paired diagnostic and MRD tumor cells (n = 40). Each dot corresponds to an individual gene. Differentially expressed genes (150 upregulated and 612 downregulated in MRD cells) with a log₂ fold change ≤2 are shown in blue, and differentially expressed genes with a log₂ fold change >2 are in red. P_adj < .05. (B) Functional networks based on genes deregulated in MRD cells. Protein-protein physical interactions based on the 762 differentially expressed genes were identified according to the BioGrid, InWe_IMM, and OmniPath databases. The algorithm MCODE (Minimal Common Oncology Data Elements) was used for identification of densely connected networks. (C) UMAP (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection) representation of single bone marrow tumor plasma cells (n = 21 991) isolated by FACS from 11 patients with newly diagnosed MM. Each patient is represented by a unique color and number. (D) CSC scores per cell are projected onto UMAP plots.