Study results. Adjustment included all patient characteristics listed in Figure 1B and supplemental Table 1. (A) Estimated effect of VKA exposure on the incidence of MDS and the composite outcome of MDS and AML, respectively, compared with DOAC exposure. The extended study population also included patients with probable AF. (B) Crude and adjusted cumulative incidence of MDS according to OAC treatment. Follow-up started at month 7 after OAC initiation. 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are indicated by thin curves.