PEVs induce antigen-specific T-cell activation and cytokine production through antigen presentation. (A) The experimental plan. Cells and PEVs used for the stimulation of lymphocytes assessed by intracellular cytokines staining (ICS). NS, unpulsed; O/N, overnight. (B-E) Expression of receptors or cytokines by CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells coincubated with DCs, activated platelets (PLTs), or PEVs left unpulsed or pulsed with SIINFEKL (PP), or OVA. IFN-γ production (B), CD40 expression (C), OX40 expression (D), and IL-2 production (E). Dashed lines are unstimulated conditions (n = 6, 7, or 9). Data are the mean ± SEM. *P < .05, **P < .01 vs unpulsed (Wilcoxon).