Increased cTfh percentage in naïve and TEMRA compartments of CD4⁺ T cells and cTfh-like cells in CD8⁺ T cells. (A) Flow cytometry plots showing expression of cTfh (CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺) on naïve CD4⁺ T cells in 1 HC and 1 patient with pES. (B) Percentage of cTfh cells in naïve CD4⁺ T cells in HCs (n = 24), patients with pES (n = 22), and patients with cITP (n = 22). (C) Flow cytometry plots showing expression of cTfh (CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺) on TEMRA CD4⁺ T cells in 1 HC and 1 patient with pES. (D) Percentage of cTfh cells in TEMRA CD4⁺ T cells in HCs (n = 24), patients with pES (n = 22), and patients with cITP (n = 22). (E) Violin plot showing percentage of cTfh in naïve, memory, and TEMRA compartments of CD4⁺ T cells in different patient groups. (F) Percentage of cTfh (CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺) gated on naïve, memory, and TEMRA CD8⁺ T cells in HCs (n = 24), patients with pES (n = 22), and patients with cITP (n = 22). Data represent mean ± SEM values for each group. Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test for nonnormally distributed samples and ordinary 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test for normally distributed samples were used for statistical comparison. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001; ****P < .0001; ns, not significant.