Oncogenic effects of viral oncoproteins. Latent viral proteins (LANA, vCYC, vFLIP, IRF3, and kaposin B) and messenger RNA (miR-K11) are expressed in PEL and depicted in red. Their effects or interactions with representative cellular proteins (blue) is shown. The pathogenic effects of these viral factors include increased cellular proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and enhanced cellular survival, and production of human cytokines that may have local and systemic effects. cFLIP, cellular FLIP; huIL-6, human IL-6; IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.