Potential mediators along the causal pathway between structural racism (blue) and AML survival include intermediate factors (yellow) that impact access to care and leukemia risk stratification and more proximal factors (red) such as treatment approaches and complications. Structural racism (as defined by Abraham et al) leverages the contrasts between membership in a neighborhood characterized by concentrated affluence (high income, college-educated, employed in professional/managerial occupations) or concentrated disadvantage (low income, requiring public assistance, high unemployment, and female-headed households) and majority-White or majority-Black census tracts. Illustration by Justine M. Kahn.