HDGF has a polarizing effect on macrophages. (A) HDGF induces an M1-like phenotype in human macrophages. Levels of CD80 (M1), CD206 (M2), and CD163 (TAM) expression following M1 polarization with LPS and IFNγ, M2 polarization with IL-4, or HDGF. Numbers represent the MFI ratio of each marker in each condition over media-only control ± SD. (B) Proteome profile of macrophages subjected to M1 and M2 polarizing cytokines as well as HDGF, showing that HDGF induces macrophages to secrete myeloma cell growth factor IL-6, as well as other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Numbers for the triplicate experiments represent the ratio of each protein normalized to the corresponding media-only control.