VIP-KO mice have more pDCs in BM than wild-type mice. (A-H) BM and splenocytes were isolated from wild-type B6 mice and VIP-KO B6 mice. Cells were stained with pDCs markers, dendritic cells costimulatory markers, including CD80, CD86, and inducible costimulator ligand (ICOSL). (A) Nucleated cells in marrow from wild-type and VIP KO mice (N = 9 mice per group) were analyzed for pDCs by flow cytometry per the staining and gating strategy shown in supplemental Figure 1 (N = mice 6 per group), and the absolute numbers of pDCs per femur calculated. (B) The percentage of pDCs in all the nucleated splenic cells, N = 9 mice per group. (C-D) ICOSL expression on pDCs, (E-F) CD80 expression on pDCs. (G-H) CD86 expression on pDCs. Eight biological replicates per group. Statistics: 2-tail unpaired Student t test, *P < .05, **P <0.01. ns, not significant.