Microbiome dysbiosis and treatment outcomes. (A) Canonical correspondence analysis to identify specific characteristics in patients with DLBCL. (B) Bray-Curtis analysis of beta diversity shows differences between patients with DLBCL with limited stages and those with advanced stages of disease. (C-D) Stage and serum LDH level were associated with the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. (E) Patients with stage IV experienced febrile neutropenia and patients with advanced-stage disease and febrile neutropenia had a greater abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. (F-H) Comparisons of beta diversity using the Bray-Curtis index, alpha diversity using the Shannon index, and relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae based on disease relapse or progression. Asterisks indicate significant differences identified with the 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U test; ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001. ns, not significant.