Fecal bacterial composition and differential abundance analysis of patients with PV and HCs. (A) Fecal bacterial composition did not differ between patients with PV and HCs, illustrated by PCoA based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. Boxplots display the distribution of samples for each group on the first 2 principal coordinates. (B) The taxonomy of the bacterial community in patients with PV and HCs is illustrated in a heat tree, where taxonomic levels are represented by junctions and the connection by branches. Green nodes and branches indicate the taxa with a higher relative abundance in HCs, and blue nodes and branches indicate the taxa with a higher relative abundance in patients with PV. Only taxa with at least 0.1% point difference in relative abundance between groups are displayed. (C) Differential abundance analysis of the gut microbiota in patients with PV compared with HCs identified by LefSe. Here, we show taxa with a linear discriminant analysis score > 0.005 and an overall median proportion > 1%. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, and ∗∗∗P < .001. c, class; f, family; g, genus; p, phylum; o, order.