Fecal bacterial composition of the different treatment groups and HCs. (A) PCoA based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. Boxplots display the distribution of samples for each group on the first 2 principal coordinates. All treatment groups differed significantly from the HCs but not from each other; NT vs HCs (ANOSIM, P = .001, R = 0.31), HU vs HCs (ANOSIM, P = .001, R = 0.17), IFN-α2 vs HCs (ANOSIM, P = .002, R = 0.2), and COMBI vs HCs (ANOSIM, P = .001, R = 0.17). (B) The taxonomy of the bacterial community in the IFN-α2 group and the NT group are illustrated in a heat tree, where taxonomic levels are represented by junctions and the connection by branches. Pink nodes and branches indicate the taxa with a higher relative abundance in the IFN-α2 treatment group, and yellow nodes and branches indicate the taxa with a higher relative abundance in the NT group. Only taxa with at least 0.1% difference in relative abundance between groups are displayed.