VDR was necessary for DCA-mediated GMP expansion in vivo. (A) VDR^–/– and WT littermate control mice, 4 or 6 weeks old, were given DCA IV 6 times over the course of 2 weeks. (B-I) Bone marrow was isolated from WT littermate controls (B,D,F,H) as well as VDR^–/– mice (C,E,G,I). The following populations were analyzed: (B,C) GMPs, (D,E) CMPs, (F,G) neutrophils, and (H,I) macrophages. All data are shown and represent 2 experimental replicates, and data were analyzed using unpaired Student t test. ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001; ∗∗∗∗ P < .0001.