Multisystem complications from risk factors and treatments of thalassemia. Risk factors and their corresponding complications are color-coded. Complications with overlapping colors denote those stemming from and exacerbated by the multiple risk factors involved. Modified from Taher AT, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD. β-Thalassemias. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):727-743. 1°, primary; 2°, secondary; EMH, extramedullary hematopoiesis; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PHT, pulmonary hypertension.