ISV induces interferon responses, antigen presentation and effector cell activation. (A) Comparing gene set scores for interferon-stimulated genes between pretreatment (pre Tx) and on-treatment (day 8) timepoints for the injected and uninjected tumor sites, averaged per sample per patient. (B) NK cell abundance by flow cytometry at the injected tumor site. (C) IFNG expression at the injected tumor site in NK/NKT cells across timepoints. (D) Fold change in NK/NKT expression of IFNG at day 8 at the injected site vs percentage distant tumor reduction. Dots are colored by patient, as in Figure 2B. (E) Treatment-induced changed in activated CD137⁺ memory CD4 T-cells (right) and CD137⁺/granzyme B–positive memory CD8 T-cells (left) at the injected tumor site, measured by flow cytometry. (F) Changes in indicated pathways in T-cells across patients during therapy at the injected tumor site. P values were calculated by 2-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for paired samples: ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001. P values are only shown if P ≤ .05.