Effect of empagliflozin on neutrophil viability and the chemotactic response. (A-F) Cell viability and the frequency of apoptosis in freshly isolated neutrophils were determined in 7 patients with GSD1b and 11 healthy controls at 3 time points by labeling with annexin V. (A) Median ± quartiles of neutrophil viability for the patients and controls, and (B) individual profiles. (D) Median ± quartiles of apoptotic frequency for the patients and controls, and (E) individual profiles. Spearman correlation analysis between plasma 1,5-AG concentration and neutrophil viability (C) and apoptosis (F). (G-L) The mobility and chemotactic response of neutrophils determined in a Boyden’s chamber model with or without human serum. (G) Median ± quartiles of the number of migrating neutrophils in the absence of human serum for the patients and controls, and (H) individual profiles. (J) Median ± quartiles of the number of migrating neutrophils in in response to human serum for the patients and controls, and (K) the individual profiles. Spearman correlation analysis between plasma 1,5-AG concentration and (I) neutrophil mobility and (L) chemotactic response. Statistically significant differences between patients and healthy controls (black) were determined by ordinary 1-way ANOVA for unpaired data, whereas mixed-effect analysis for paired data was used to compare values 3 and 12 months after the start of empagliflozin treatment to values obtained before the start of treatment (blue). For clarity, only P values <.5 are shown.