Variation in markers of cellular activation, hemolysis, thrombosis, neutrophil extracellular trap release, and stress among females and males with SCD. Cellular activation markers include ANC (A) and platelets (B). Hemolysis markers include total bilirubin (C) and AST (D). Thrombosis markers include TAT (E) and VWF (F). Neutrophil extracellular trap release marker is citrullinated histones (G). Stress marker is cortisol (H). Markers were analyzed among females in the FP, females in the LP, and males with SCD. Analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. ANC, absolute neutrophil count; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TAT, thrombin-antithrombin complexes; VWF, von Willebrand factor.