Plasma-induced signatures of pain in SCD. Plasma from individuals with SCD was cocultured with PBMCs from a single healthy donor. Transcriptomic analysis of PBMCs showed increased transcripts of 10 genes involved in cell adhesion, neutrophil recruitment, and inflammation, among others leading to vaso-occlusion and pain. Professional illustration by Somersault18:24. IFN-γ, interferon gamma; ITGAM, integrin subunit alpha M; ITGAX, integrin subunit alpha X; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; NLRP3I, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome; RBC, red blood cell; SS, homozygous SCD; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.