TNF-α and IFN-γ cross talk dictates inflammation outcome in AI. (A) In wild-type mice, HKBA injection triggers an acute upregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ, which resolves over time. Anemia typically recovers within 4 to 8 weeks. (B) In Tnf-α KO mice, HKBA injection causes a sustained increase in IFN-γ levels, leading to a cascade of detrimental effects including severe anemia, bone marrow failure, and ultimately death. (C) Combined treatment with rTNF-α and aIFN-γ fully rescues the lethality induced by HKBA injection in Tnf-α KO mice. aIFN-γ, anti–IFN-γ antibody. The figure was prepared with the help of Francesca Carlomagno (Federico II University, Naples, Italy) using BioRender.com.

TNF-α and IFN-γ cross talk dictates inflammation outcome in AI. (A) In wild-type mice, HKBA injection triggers an acute upregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ, which resolves over time. Anemia typically recovers within 4 to 8 weeks. (B) In Tnf-α KO mice, HKBA injection causes a sustained increase in IFN-γ levels, leading to a cascade of detrimental effects including severe anemia, bone marrow failure, and ultimately death. (C) Combined treatment with rTNF-α and aIFN-γ fully rescues the lethality induced by HKBA injection in Tnf-α KO mice. aIFN-γ, anti–IFN-γ antibody. The figure was prepared with the help of Francesca Carlomagno (Federico II University, Naples, Italy) using BioRender.com.

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