Female mice produce significantly greater levels of cytokines and chemokines following LPS rechallenge. (A) Schematic of the experimental design. Age-matched male (n = 9) and female (n = 8) mice were initially challenged with 3 mg/kg LPS via IP injection on day 0. After 7 days, the surviving mice were rechallenged with a lethal dose of 35 mg/kg LPS (IP). Serum samples were collected 6 hours after the second LPS challenge, and multiple cytokines and chemokines were analyzed using multiplex ELISA. (B-O) Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in serum samples 6 hours after rechallenge, measured via multiplex ELISA. Each dot represents data from a single mouse. Statistical significance was determined using 2-tailed Student t tests and Mann-Whitney tests. ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001. ns, not significant.
Figure 6.

Female mice produce significantly greater levels of cytokines and chemokines following LPS rechallenge. (A) Schematic of the experimental design. Age-matched male (n = 9) and female (n = 8) mice were initially challenged with 3 mg/kg LPS via IP injection on day 0. After 7 days, the surviving mice were rechallenged with a lethal dose of 35 mg/kg LPS (IP). Serum samples were collected 6 hours after the second LPS challenge, and multiple cytokines and chemokines were analyzed using multiplex ELISA. (B-O) Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in serum samples 6 hours after rechallenge, measured via multiplex ELISA. Each dot represents data from a single mouse. Statistical significance was determined using 2-tailed Student t tests and Mann-Whitney tests. ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001. ns, not significant.

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