DCs differentiated with VIP protect from acute GVHD. (A-B) GVHD was induced in recipient Balb/c (H-2^d) mice by allogeneic transplantation of T-depleted BM cells plus spleen mononuclear cells (BMS) from B6 (H-2^b) mice. After transplantation, recipients were given injections of medium (untreated) or BM-DCs from Balb/c (H-2^d) generated in the absence (DC_controls) or presence (DC_VIPs) of VIP. (A) Untreated mice (•) or mice treated with 2 × 10⁶ DC_controls (○) or DC_VIPs (▾) 2 days after transplantation (12 mice/group). ^*P < .01, versus untreated recipients. (B) Untreated mice (•) or DC_VIPs-treated mice (with 2 × 10⁶ cells, ○;2 × 10⁵, ▾; 2 × 10⁴, ▿, at day 2 after transplantation; or with 2 × 10⁵, ▪; 2 × 10⁴, □, at days 2 and 5 after transplantation; 10-12 mice/group). P < .01 untreated recipients versus any other group. (C) GVHD was induced in recipient B6 (H-2^b) mice by allogeneic transplantation of BMS Balb/c (H-2^d). Two days after transplantation, recipients were given injections of medium (untreated, •) or 2 × 10⁶ DC_VIPs from different donors (H-2^b ○, H-2^d ▾, H-2^q ▿; 10-12 mice/group). ^*P < .01 versus untreated recipients. (D) GVHD was induced in a haploidentical model in recipient [B6 × DBA/2] F1 (H-2^b/d) by allogeneic transplantation of BMS B6 (H-2^b). After transplantation, recipients were given injections of medium (untreated, •) or 2 × 10⁶ DC_controls (H-2^d, ○) or DC_VIPs DBA/2 (H-2^d) at day 0 (▾), day 2 (▿) or day 10 (▪) (10-12 mice/group). ^*P < .01 versus untreated recipients.