Bacteriophage challenge of hemophilia mice following naked gene transfer and transient immunomodulation. Tolerized hemophilia A mice (n = 2, ▴), selected mice from the group shown in Figure 3E,F) were challenged twice 4 weeks apart with the neoantigen bacteriophage Φx174 (2 × 10⁸ PFU/each challenge). Plasmid-treated (n = 2, ○) and untreated hemophilia A mice (n = 2, ▵) were used as controls. Phage-neutralizing antibody activity was expressed as the rate of phage inactivation (Kv) using a standard formula.²⁴  Mice not receiving bacteriophage did not produce neutralizing antibody (data not shown).