Disintegration of endothelial monolayers mediated by extracellular nucleic acids. Confluent BMECs, cultured on rat tail collagen I–coated coverslips, were incubated for 3 hours in the absence (control) or presence of RNA (50 μg/mL), poly-I:C (25 μg/mL), heparin (10 μg/mL), DNA (25 μg/mL), or ssRNA (0.25 μg/mL), fixed, and stained with the corresponding antibodies against the indicated junctional proteins. Note the disintegration of intercellular junctions and the changed cellular distribution of ZO-1, ZO-2, occludin, claudin-5, and VE-cadherin following treatment of cells with RNA, poly-I:C, heparin, and ssRNA, but not DNA. Scale bar equals 10 μm, magnification was 63×/1.32-0.6 (oil objective). Images were taken using a Wisitron Systems GmbH (Puchheim, Germany) and analysed by image-acquisition software MetaMorph, version 7 (Molecular Devices, Berkshire, United Kingdom).