TLR1/TLR2 activation results in apoptosis of primary human AML cells. AML patient samples and normal bone marrow samples were cultured for 3 days with or without (control) Pam3CSK4 and assessed for apoptosis by Annexin V⁺ staining. (A) Bulk mononuclear cells (MNCs) from patients with AML, (B) NBM CD34⁺ cells, (C) CD34⁺CD38⁻ cells from patients with AML, and (D) NBM CD34⁺CD38⁻ cells. High/Intermediate/No TLR1 was grouped based on TLR1 expression in AML CD34⁺CD38⁻ cells (supplemental Table 1). Mean values and SDs are shown. Comparative statistical analysis based on triplicate samples was performed except for #, indicating duplicate replicates. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.