Adjuvant-specific innate gene signatures. RNA transcripts were measured from peripheral blood sampling prevaccination and 4 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 14 days after the initial immunization. (A) Heatmap showing upregulation and downregulation of innate gene modules by adjuvant at 24 hours. (B) Representative plots showing the expression level of the IFN (type 1) module (top panel) and Ag-presentation module (bottom panel). (C) Association networks depicting the number of modules regulated in common between each adjuvant. Similarities in upregulation (red borders) and downregulation (blue borders) are shown; width of connecting lines indicates the number of modules in common, also shown numerically. (D) Quantification of serum cytokines prevaccination, and 4 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours following the first vaccination. All data points represent vaccine group medians. *P < .05; **P < .01; ****P < .0001 compared with the prevaccination time point by ANOVA. LLOQ, lower limit of quantitation; ULOQ, upper limit of quantitation.