Adjuvants influence immunoglobulin glycan composition and effector functions. Systems serology analyses were used to determine antibody glycan structures and effector functions from sera from study week 14. (A) Principal components analysis of antibody characteristics, differentiating animals within vaccines groups (left plot) by functional and glycan readouts (right plot); only a subset of vaccine groups is shown for simplicity. (B) Heatmap illustrating adaptive immune signature for each vaccine, based on antibody magnitude and effector functions, Fc-receptor binding, and T- and NK-cell cytokines. Heatmap colors indicate significant changes compared with the unadjuvanted group. Responses are scaled by the maximum observed absolute fold change, across all adjuvant groups. hu, human; Rh, rhesus macaque.