In vivo activity of PAM3. Rhesus macaques were injected subcutaneously with 2 mg of PAM3 or saline. Data show the maximum increase in the frequency of CD163⁻ and CD163⁺ macrophages in the peripheral blood (mean + standard error of the mean of 6 animals per group) over 3 days. Skin from the site of injection was examined for changes in mRNA encoding the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα (cross-hatched bar) and the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 (solid bar) at 4 hours. *P < .05, ***P < .001 vs saline control.