DMAPT induces stress responses and inhibits NF-κB. (A) Primary AML cells labeled with thiol-reactive dye mBBr before (shaded histograms) and after (open histograms) exposure to DMAPT. (B) Confocal micrograph of primary human AML cells with treated with 7.5 μM DMAPT for 2 hours. HO-1 (green) and nucleus (ToPro3, represented in red). (C) Immunoblots (top 2 panels) for phospho p53ser15 (top) or actin (middle) of CD34⁺ primary human AML cells treated with 7.5 μM DMAPT for the indicated times. Bottom panel shows an EMSA for NF-κB binding for the same treatment. (D-E) NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human AML cells 6 weeks prior to the experiment were treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of 100 mg/kg DMAPT or saline control. At 1 hour later, animals were killed, and BM was harvested and analyzed by confocal microscopy. (D) NF-κB (p65 subunit in yellow). (E) Nrf2 (green). The nucleus is shown in blue for both panels.