Cooperating gene alterations in MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. MYC is activated by gene translocations or amplifications. Activation of the TCF3/ID3 pathway cooperates with MYC in BL, whereas deregulation of BCL2 is a frequent cooperating mechanism in DLBCL. In ALK⁺ large B-cell lymphomas, MYC is indirectly up-regulated by the oncogenic effect of ALK and STAT3 activations. As can be seen from the figure, numerous cooperating pathways stabilize MYC, activate coactivators, or deregulate suppressor genes.