Bioluminescent imaging results. NSG-immunodeficient mice were inoculated on day 0 with 5 × 10⁵ NALM-6-GL cells and then, on day 3, received 1.5 × 10⁷ CAR-modified T cells as designated. Mock recipients received 1.5 × 10⁷ total cells. Transduction efficiency was ∼ 40% in both CAR groups. Mock-transduced cells were activated and expanded but were not exposed to viral vector. Bioluminescent imaging using standard techniques at the designated time points demonstrates clearance of the leukemia by day 8. All CAR-treated mice were long-term leukemia-free survivors, whereas all mock-treated mice succumbed to leukemia.